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"Lovastatin is an anti-cholesterol agent that was produced by Aspergillus terreus using solid state fermentation (SSF). During this fermentation process, sulochrin is also produced as an unwanted co-metabolite. However, our previous result showed that sulochrin had potential as antidiabetes because it is an inhibitor agent of α-glucosidase. In this paper, we reported our observation on lovastatin and sulochrin production pattern in relation with inhibitor α-glucosidase activity during eleven days fermentation of A. terreus koji (SSF) ethyl acetate extract. Koji obtained from solid state fermentation with rice as the substrate and incubated at room temperature, sample is taken daily for eleven day (D-1 toD-11). Lovastatin and sulochrin production was measured by Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometer based on their molecular weight m/z 404.5 and 332.3 respectively. The in hibitory activity is measured by inhibition model of koji extract against α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) from Saccharomyces cereviceae. The results show that lovastatin production was started on the day 2 (0.04 mg/g) and achieving the optimal production on day 7 (11.46 mg/g), while sulochrin production was started on day 4 (0.60 mg/g) and keep produced until the end of fermentation period at Day 11 (3.11 mg/g). Koji extract was started to show inhibitory to α-glucosidase activity on Day 5 (IC50= 23.34 μg/mL) and keep showed activity until Day 11 (IC50=3.33 μg/mL). These results suggest that inhibitory activity of koji extract to α-glucosidase activity have relation with sulochrin biosynthesis production. "

"Bioetanol telah disepakati pemerintah sebagai bahan bakar alternatif yang perlu dikembangkan. Melalui PERMEN ESDM No. 32 tahun 2008, pemerintah menetapkan program jangka panjang 2016-2025 memfokuskan material lignoselulosa limbah pertanian memasok 4,99 juta kilo liter gasohol. Sorgum manis merupakan tanaman serealia yang mulai dibudidayakan sebagai salah satu penyokong swasembada pangan nasional. Budidaya sorgum kini tidak kurang menghasilkan 1.212.187,03 ton/hektar limbah. Dari hasil analisis limbah sorgum mengandung 22,3184% air, 2,5312% ekstraktif, 6,2579% abu, 26,420% lignin, selulosa dan hemiselulosa. Hidrolisis selulosa limbah sorgum manis varietas unggul Numbu dengan katalis H2SO4 akan menghasilkan glukosa. Fermentasi glukosa oleh Saccharomyces cerevisiae menghasilkan etanol. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kondisi optimum hidrolisis asam limbah sorgum dan waktu fermentasi untuk menghasilkan yield bioetanol terbesar. Hidrolisis dilakukan pada suhu 121°C selama 30 menit menghasilkan kadar glukosa terbesar 2204,6014 ppm dari 1 gram sampel dengan konsentrasi H2SO4 3%. Perolehan etanol tertinggi dari fermentasi selama 24 jam sebesar 645,00 ppm atau 0,0817% (v/v).

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Bioethanol has been compromised as most potential resource for alternative biofuel. Through PERMEN ESDM No.32/2008, government declared long term program for 2016-2025 focus on processing lignoselulotic materials from agricultural residues supply 4,99 billion liters national gasohol. Sweet sorghum is cerealia plant which is cultivated for supporting in national food self-sufficient program. Sorghum produces up to 1.212.187,03 tons/ha agricultural residues.

From chemical anlysis found that Numbu, the best variety of sweet sorghum consist of 22,184% water, 2,5132% extractive, 6,2579% ash, 26,420% lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. Acid hydolysis with H2SO4 degrade cellulose in Numbu-waste materials to glucose. Glucose is converted to bioethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation.

This research was done to find optimum condition of acid hydolysis and fermentation time to produce higher bioethanol. Hydolisis run on condition 121°C for 30 minutes yield the highest glucose 2204,6014 ppm from 1 gram sample with 3% H2SO4 concentration.The highest ethanol yield is from 24 hours fermentation which is 645,00 ppm or 0,0816% (v/v)"

"Jerami padi merupakan salah satu limbah pertanian yang sangat melimpah di Indonesia. Jerami padi mengandung polisakarida dalam bentuk selulosa dan hemiselulosa, yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku dalam produksi bioetanol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat efektivitas produksi bioetanol dari sampel hidrolisat jerami padi dengan menggunakan ragi roti (ragi kering-Fermipan) dan ragi tapai (ragi padat-Sae). Penelitian dilakukan dengan memfermentasikan sampel menggunakan kedua jenis ragi tersebut dan isolat murni khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae sebagai kontrol. Kadar glukosa diukur menggunakan glucometer dan kadar bioetanol dianalisis menggunakan high-performance liquid chromatography. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan Split Plot Design dengan dua faktor perlakuan; pemberian ragi (R) dan waktu fermentasi (T). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua jenis ragi pada produksi kadar bioetanol dari sampel memberikan pengaruh yang tidak berbeda nyata; namun perlakuan Sae menghasilkan kadar bioetanol yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan perlakuan Fermipan; laju produksi bioetanol pada perlakuan Sae juga lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan laju produksi bioetanol pada perlakuan Fermipan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian adalah perlakuan Sae lebih efektif dalam memproduksi bioetanol dari sampel hidrolisat jerami padi.

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Rice straw is one of the most abundant agricultural waste in Indonesia. Rice straw contains polysaccharide in the form of cellulose and hemicellulose, which can be used as raw materials in the production of bioethanol. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of bioethanol production from rice straw‘s hydrolyzate using baker's yeast (dry starter - Fermipan) and tapai‘s starter (solid starter - Sae).

Research was carried out by fermenting the sample using two types of starters with a control of pure yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Glucose level was measured by using glucometer and ethanol level was analyzed by using high-performance liquid chromatography. This study using Split Plot Design with two treatment factors; starter‘s inoculum (R) and time of fermentation (T).

The study shows that both types of starters has no significant difference on the bioethanol level production; however, Sae‘s treatment produced higher level of bioethanol compared to the Fermipan‘s; rate of bioethanol production at Sae‘s treatment is also higher than the rate of bioethanol production in Fermipan‘s. The conclusion of the study is Sae is more effective in producing bioethanol from rice straw hydrolyzate samples."

"Aspergillus sp. dapat digunakan sebagai sumber senyawa bioaktif untuk menemukan obat-obatan baru antikanker. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas sitotoksik ekstrak Aspergillus sp. Aspergillus sp. diisolasi dari Halymenia durvillaei yang diambil dari Pantai Binuangeun, Banten Selatan. Aspergillus sp. dikultivasi selama empat minggu pada suhu 27--29°C dalam medium Malt Extract (ME) pada kondisi statis. Senyawa metabolit sekunder dari medium kultur (broth) diekstraksi dengan etil asetat (2:1) sedangkan dari miselium diekstraksi dengan campuran metanol dan n-heksan (1:1). Uji sitotoksik dilakukan menggunakan sel kanker payudara T47D dengan metode uji 3-[4,5-dimetilthiazol-2yl]-2,5-difeniltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Hasil ekstraksi diperoleh ekstrak broth dan miselium sebesar 18,30 g dan 0,93 g. Uji sitotoksik terhadap sel kaker payudara T47D dengan metode MTT menghasilkan nilai IC50 untuk ekstrak broth dan miselium sebesar 153,266 ppm dan 208,305 ppm.

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Many Aspergillus sp. were used as bioactive compound resources for obtaining a new anticancer. The aims of the research were to study cytotoxic activity of extract Aspergillus sp. againts Mammae Cancer Cell T47D. Aspergillus sp. was isolated from Halymenia durvillaei collected from Binuangeun Beach, South Banten. Aspergillus sp. was cultivated in medium ME (broth) for four weeks at room temperature at 27--29°C. Secondary metabolite produced from broth culture was extracted using ethyl acetate (2:1) and from the mycelium was sonicated followed by extraction using methanol and n-hexan (1:1). Cytotoxic assay of Mammae Cancer Cell T47D was carried out by 3-[4,5-dimetilthiazol-2yl]-2,5-difeniltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The yield of extract from broth and mycelium were 18,30 g and 0,93 g, respectively. Cytotoxic assay of Mamae Cancer Cell T47D resulted of IC50 153,266 ppm and 208,305 ppm for broth and mycelium extract."

"Salah satu sumber alternatif yang dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan bakar minyak adalah mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp. yang ternyata memiliki potensi sebagai bahan pangan minyak nabati. Karakterisasi mikroalga untuk memantau pertumbuhan sel dan mengetahui jumlah lipid yang terkandung di dalamnya, secara berturut-turut menggunakan kapasitor plat sejajar dan ultrasonic cleaner. Pengukuran jumlah sel alga menggunakan kapasitor plat sejajar sebagai alternatif alat penghitung sel ini kemudian dibandingkan dengan spektrofotometer Uv-Vis dan Counting Chamber untuk mendapatkan penghitungan yang valid. Sedangkan ekstraksi mikroalga menggunakan alat pembersih ultrasonik sederhana dengan frekuensi 48kHz. Pengukuran dengan menggunakan kapasitor dianggap valid karena kurva kenaikannya sebanding dengan jumlah selnya. Sedangkan hasil ekstraksi lipid dari mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp. mencapai nilai optimum pada menit ke-60 dengan menggunakan pelarut metanol sebesar 7.50% dari massa keringnya.

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One source of alternative that can be used as fuel oil is microalgae Nannochloropsis sp which turns have the potential of food as a vegetable oil. Characterization of microalgae to monitoring the growth of cells and knowing the number of lipids contained in it, respectively the use of a capacitor plate parallel and ultrasonic cleaner. The measurement of the number of cells using algae capacitor plate parallel as an alternative instrument coalition cells were then compared with the spectrophotometer uv-vis and counting chamber to get a valid calculation. While the extraction of microalgae used a simple cleaning ultrasonic 48khz with a frequency. Measurements using a capacitor considered valid because a curve inflation figure comparable to cell number. While the results of the extraction of lipid mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp. achieve optimum on the 60th minute by using methanol solvent by 7.50 % of a mass of the drying up."

"Sintesis biodiesel dengan proses sirkulasi pada reaktor unggun diam dirancang dengan memanfaatkan enzim lipase. Lipase dari Candida rugosa diimobilisasi pada kalsium alginat dan digunakan sebagai biokatalis pada reaktor. Kesesuaiian substrat diuji dengan penggunaan pelarut, metode penambahan bertahap, dan tanpa pelarut. Kalsium alginat menghambat difusivitas substrat menuju inti aktif enzim sehingga menyebabkan laju sintesis yang lambat di awal proses. Sintesis menggunaan metode penambahan bertahap mampu menghasilkan yield paling tinggi diantara pengujian substrat lain, sebesar 88,70% dalam 24 jam. Laju alir optimal yang didapatkan adalah 0,4 dan 1 ml/menit, menghasilkan biodiesel dalam laju konversi yang lebih tinggi. Konsentrasi optimal enzim lipase yang terimobilisasi adalah 0,2%(w/v minyak). Sintesis pada kondisi optimal mencapai yield 70,2% dalam 12 jam. Pengujian stabilitas enzim amobil dilakukan dan mampu menghasilkan 65,6% biodiesel pada siklus ke-tiga, mempertahankan 93,4% aktivitas relatif enzim terimobilisasi. Model kinetika berbasis Ping Pong Bi Bi dikembangkan dengan mengkosiderasi konsentrasi alkohol. Model diaplikasikan untuk memprediksi konsentrasi reaktan dan produk selama sintesis biodiesel di reaktor kolom isian. Pemodelan di excel menunjukkan bahwa model yang dihasilakn dapat memprediksi konsentrasi komponen dalam reaksi transesterifikasi.

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A packed bed reactor with circulation process was designed to synthesize biodiesel utilizing lipase enzyme. Candida rugosa lipase was immobilized in calcium alginate and used as biocatalyst in reactor. Compatibility of substrate was tested using the usage of solvent hexane, stepwise addition, and without solvent. It was found that calcium alginate limit the diffusivity of substrate causing slow reaction rate at the start of process. Stepwise addition method was found to be the most optimum compared to others in this research, producing yield 88.7% in 24 hours. Optimal flowrate are 0.4 and 1 ml/min, producing biodiesel at higher rate. Optimal concentration of lipase immobilized in calcium alginate is 0.2% of substrate. Synthesis under optimal condition produces yield 70.2% in 12 hours. Stability test of immobilized enzyme retains 93.4% of relative activity, obtaining yield 65.6% in 12 hours. The kinetic model based on Ping Pong Bi Bi was developed by considering alcohol concentration. The model was applied to predict the concentration of reactants and products during biodiesel synthesis in the filling column reactor. Modeling in excel shows that the resulting model can predict the concentration of components in the transesterification reaction."

"ABSTRAKAspergillus tamarii merupakan mikroorganisme jenis kapang dari marga Aspergillus. Kapang dikenal sebagai mikroorganisme yang dapat mensekresi protein dan metabolit tingkat tinggi dalam media kultur, yang menjadikannya berguna secara industri. Aspergillus tamarii tergolong dalam jenis kapang yang aman untuk dimanfaatkan oleh manusia. Dalam review ini akan dirangkum pemanfaatan Aspergillus tamarii dan kondisi optimum yang dibutuhkannya. Pemanfaatan Aspergillus tamarii dilakukan melalui proses fermentasi, baik dengan metode Solid State Fermentation (SSF) ataupun Submerged Fermentation (SmF). Hasil dari pemanfaatan tersebut berupa produk-produk bioteknologi yang dapat digunakan pada berbagai bidang industri seperti industri pangan, tekstil, farmasi, dan kertas. Produk bioteknologi yang dapat dihasilkan antara lain yaitu enzim seperti amilase, protease, xilanase, β fruktofuranosidase, pektinase, dan tannase, serta metabolit sekunder seperti asam kojat. Kondisi optimum fermentasi diperoleh melalui optimasi terhadap substrat yang digunakan, suhu dan pH kultur fermentasi, tingkat aerasi dan agitasi, serta waktu yang diperlukan untuk proses fermentasi. Kondisi optimum yang diperlukan untuk memproduksi enzim seperti amilase, yakni substrat yang mengandung polisakarida, pH 4-10, dan suhu 30oC.

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ABSTRACT

Aspergillus tamarii is a type of mold microorganism from the genus of Aspergillus. Molds are known as the microorganisms that can secrete high levels of proteins and metabolites in their culture medium, which makes them industrially useful. Aspergillus tamarii is classified as a type of mold that is safe for human use. This review will summarize the application of Aspergillus tamarii and the optimal conditions they need. Application of Aspergillus tamarii is carried out through a fermentation process, either by the Solid State Fermentation (SSF) or Submerged Fermentation (SmF) methods. The results of these applications are produce of biotechnology products that can be used in various industrial fields such as the food, textile, pharmaceutical and paper industries. Biotechnology products that can be produced include enzymes such as amylase, protease, xylanase, β fructofuranosidase, pectinase, and tannase, as well as secondary metabolites such as kojat acid. The optimum fermentation conditions are obtained through optimization of the substrate used, temperature and pH of the fermentation culture, aeration and agitation, and time required for the fermentation process. For example, the optimum conditions needed to produce enzymes such as amylase, which is a substrate that contains polysaccharides, pH 4-10, and temperature 30oC.

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"Proses produksi pada reaktor biogas dari limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit atau Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) sering menghadapi masalah karena keterbatasan laju hidrolisis. Keterbatasan ini terjadi akibat terbentuknya lumpur dan gumpalan yang mengurangi voulme efektif digester biogas serta mengurangi potensi biogas yang dihasilkan. Lumpur dan gumpalan yang dihasilkan berasal dari tingginya kandungan dan juga serat yang ada pada POME. Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan seperti pengambilan secara manual maupun pengadukan secara mekanik atau dengan turbulensi melalui pemompaan cairan dengan kuat. Namun, upaya tersebut memerlukan tambahan alat, SDM dan energi sehingga biaya proses produksi terus meningkat. Sebagai alternatif lain, maka pemanfaatan lipase dan xilanase menjadi alternatif yang menjanjikan untuk pretreatment yang dapat meminimalisir kandungan padatan hemiselulosa dan minyak atau lemak di dalam POME. Lipase dapat menghidrolisa lemak dan minyak menjadi asam lemak rantai pendek dan xilanase dapat menghidrolisa hemiselulosa menjadi monomernya, sehingga memudahkan produksi biogas. Pada penelitian ini telah terbukti bahwa pretreatment dengan xilanase dan lipase mampu menurunkan total suspended solid (TSS) sebesar 49,21 %; total solid (TS) sebesar 34, 52 % dan meningkatkan gula pereduksi sebesar 44,37 %, selain itu mampu menurunkan minyak dan lemak sebesar 88,82 pada konsentrasi 4 %. Serta menignkatkan produksi biogas sebanyak 52,17 % dan penghilangan chemical oxygen demand (COD) sebesar 49,7 %.

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The production process at biogas reactors from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) often faces problems due to limited hydrolysis rates. This limitation occurs due to the formation of mud and lumps which reduce the effective volume of the biogas digester and reduce the potential for biogas produced. The sludge and lumps produced come from the high content and fiber present in the POME. Various treatments have been made such as manual extraction or mechanical stirring or by turbulence through strong fluid pumping. However, these treatments require additional tools, human resources and energy so the production process costs continue to increase. As an alternative, the use of lipase and xylanase is a promising alternative for pretreatment that can minimize the content of hemicellulose and oil or fat in POME. Lipase can hydrolyze fat and oil into short-chain fatty acids and xylanase can hydrolyze hemicellulose into its monomer, thus facilitating biogas production. In this study it was proven that pretreatment with xylanase and lipase was able to reduce total suspended solid (TSS) by 49.21%; total solid (TS) of 34, 52% and increasing reducing sugar by 44.37%, besides that it can reduce oil and fat by 88.82 % at a concentration of 4%. As well as increasing biogas production by 52.17% and removal chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 49.7%."