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"Penelitian ini menganalisis tentang penerapan kebijakan tentang Romusha (tenaga kerja paksa) dan dampaknya di Sumatera pada 1943—1945. Romusha merupakan tenaga kerja paksa dari hasil kebijakan mobilisasi masyarakat yang diterapkan oleh pemerintah militer Jepang dengan tujuan untuk kepentingan perang. Kebutuhan perang yang besar akan sumber daya manusia diperlukan untuk menggali sumber daya alam dan memenuhi kebutuhan pangan dan perang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan metode sejarah dengan melakukan pencarian sumber primer seperti surat kabar sezaman dan memoar. Salah satu sumber primer yang telah diperoleh yaitu buku yang ditulis oleh Takao Fusayama. Buku tersebut ditulis berdasarkan catatan harian atau laporan tentang perjalanannya sebagai seorang tentara Jepang pada divisi unit sinyal di Malaya dan Sumatera. Sumber sekunder yang digunakan antara lain buku teks dan artikel jurnal yang dapat diperoleh melalui Perpustakaan Nasional, Perpustakaan UI, dan secara daring. Tahapan selanjutnya yaitu dilakukan proses kritik sumber sejarah untuk mendapatkan data sejarah serta dilakukan interpretasi untuk menghasilkan fakta-fakta dari data yang sudah didapatkan pada tahap sebelumnya. Setelah ketiga tahapan sebelumnya dipenuhi, maka untuk menghasilkan penelitian yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan maka dilakukan proses terakhir yaitu historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa romusha di Sumatera dipekerjakan sebagai tenaga kerja dalam bidang pembangunan sarana dan prasarana, antara lain pembangunan jalur kereta api.

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This research analyzes the implementation of the Romusha (forced labor) policy and its impact in Sumatra in 1943—1945. Romusha was forced labor as a result of the community mobilization policy implemented by the Japanese military government for the purpose of war. The war needs for human resources was necessary to extract natural resources and fulfill the needs of food and war. The method used in this research is using the historical method by searching for primary sources such as contemporaneous newspapers and memoir. One of the primary sources that has been obtained is a book written by Takao Fusayama. The book was written based on diaries or reports about his journey as a Japanese soldier in the signal unit division in Malaya and Sumatra. Secondary sources used include textbooks and journal articles that can be obtained through the National Library, UI Library, and online. The next step is the historical source criticism process to obtain historical data and interpretation to produce facts from the data that has been obtained in the previous step. After the three previous steps have been fulfilled, to produce research that can be accounted for, the last process is historiography or historical writing. The results showed that romusha in Sumatra were employed as laborers in the construction of facilities and infrastructure, including the construction of railroad lines."

"The basic hypothesis of this book is that slave labor can never be efficient and will therefore disappear by itself. However, this process of disappearance can take many years. For instance, two generations after the importation of slaves to North America had ended, the states still fought over the issue, and this despite the fact that Ely Whitney had invented the Cotton Gin in 1793 and already then made slavery in cotton production literally superfluous. While there have been several books on the economics of American slavery, few studies have examined this issue in an international context. The contributions in this book address the economics of unfree labor in places like Prussia, Westphalia, Austria, Argentina and the British Empire. The issue of slavery is still a hotly debated and widely studied issue, making this book of interest to academics in history, economics and African Studies alike."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana strategi legitimasi yang dilakukan oleh Nike, Inc. dalam rangka memperbaiki legitimasi akibat isu forced labour terhadap suku Uighur di Xinjiang, Cina yang menyebabkan permasalahan kemanusiaan. Masalah penelitian ditandai dengan adanya pemberitaan negatif terkait dengan aktivitas bisnis perusahaan. Penelitian ini memiliki kontribusi untuk memahami lebih jauh mengenai bagaimana strategi perusahaan dalam menghadapi krisis legitimasi. Data menggunakan data berupa pengungkapan sukarela yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan yang dapat diakses pada situs internet dan diolah dengan software NVivo 12 Plus. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori legitimasi yang berfokus pada strategi-strategi yang dilakukan perusahaan untuk memperbaiki legitimasi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian studi kasus dengan metode triangulasi yang keseluruhan datanya merupakan data sekunder. Analisis kualitatif dalam penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap hasil olahan data dengan menggunakan software NVivo 12 Plus atas media pengungkapan seperti laporan tahunan, laporan keberlanjutan, dokumen pernyataan perusahaan, websites, code of conduct perusahaan, dan berita daring. Analisis kuantitatif dalam penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap hasil jumlah kata, jumlah pemberitaan, dan coverage percentage. Temuan dalam penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan menggunakan strategi deny, justifiy, create monitor, replace personnel, revise practice, dan avoid panic untuk memperbaiki legitimasi atas permasalahan praktik forced labour yang menyangkut nama perusahaan. Strategi excuse tidak dilakukan perusahaan karena berdasarkan teori, alasan tanpa bukti yang kuat justru akan memperburuk legitimasi. Media pengungkapan yang paling dominan digunakan oleh perusahaan untuk memperbaiki legitimasi adalah company’s statement document lebih spesifiknya dokumen ini berjudul “Nike. Inc. Statement on Forced Labor, Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery,” kemudian berita daring dan sustainability report.

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This study aims to analyze the legitimacy strategies employed by Nike, Inc. to restore legitimacy following allegations of forced labor involving Uyghur communities in Xinjiang, China, which have raised significant human rights concerns. The research problem is identified through negative media coverage of the company's business activities. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of corporate strategies in addressing legitimacy crises. The data comprises voluntary disclosures by the company, accessible via its official website, and is processed using NVivo 12 Plus software. The study adopts legitimacy theory, focusing on strategies for restoring legitimacy. Employing a case study approach, the research utilizes triangulation methods, with all data derived from secondary sources. Qualitative analysis is conducted using NVivo 12 Plus to process disclosure media, such as annual reports, sustainability reports, company statements, websites, codes of conduct, and online news articles. Quantitative analysis includes word counts, news article frequency, and coverage percentages. Findings indicate that the company employs strategies such as denial, justification, creating monitoring mechanisms, personnel replacement, revising practices, and avoiding panic to restore legitimacy concerning the forced labor allegations. However, the company refrains from using an excuse strategy, as theoretical perspectives suggest that unsubstantiated excuses could further harm legitimacy. The dominant disclosure media utilized by the company to address the legitimacy crisis are its official statement documents, specifically titled "Nike, Inc. Statement on Forced Labor, Human Trafficking, and Modern Slavery," followed by online news articles and sustainability reports."

"ABSTRAKKovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik dan Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya mengizinkan negara untuk melakukan penggusuran paksa selama memenuhi tolok ukur yang diberikan. Skripsi ini akan membahas secara komprehensif tolok ukur penggusuran paksa yang diatur oleh kedua kovenan hak asasi manusia internasional tersebut beserta aplikasinya di dalam yurisprudensi Komite Hak Asasi Manusia dan Komite Hak-Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya. Tolok ukur tersebut kemudian akan turut diaplikasikan di dalam kasus penggusuran paksa yang dilakukan di Bukit Duri, Jakarta Selatan, pada tahun 2016. Berdasarkan hasil studi pustaka dan wawancara yang telah dilakukan, negara dapat menjustifikasi penggusuran paksa jika memenuhi tolok ukur lsquo;lawful rsquo; dan lsquo;non-arbitrary. Penggusuran paksa di Bukit Duri tidak memenuhi kedua tolok ukur tersebut.

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ABSTRACTThe International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights allow states to conduct forced eviction as long as it is carried out within the given boundaries. This study will comprehensively elaborate each standards given by the two international human rights covenants as well as the implementation of those standards in the cases of Human Rights Committee and Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The standards will then be applied to analyze the case of forced eviction in Bukit Duri, South Jakarta, in the year of 2016. Based on the literature review and the interviews that have been conducted, it can be concluded that states can justify their action of forced eviction if it fulfills the standards of lsquo lawful rsquo and lsquo non arbitrary rsquo . The Bukit Duri forced eviction did not fulfill those standards."

"Lars Thomann examines the ILO's wide ranging efforts to achieve compliance with international labour standards adopted by the organization and ratified by its member states. The author draws on different compliance schools of various strands of international relations theory and discusses them against the background of the ILO's compliance efforts in general and regarding the abolition of forced labour in particular. He shows that even though the ILO has experience in bringing about compliance, given its seniority and is in many cases successful in doing so, it is not well equipped to deal with persistent cases of non-compliance."

"Perkawinan paksa sebagai suatu bagian dari kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan belum diatur dalam Statuta Roma. Dalam praktiknya, Mahkamah Pidana Internasional telah memutus perkawinan paksa sebagai kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan berupa other inhumane acts dan menerapkan ketentuan-ketentuan yang terdapat dalam Statuta Roma untuk menuntut perkawinan paksa sebagai bagian dari kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan. Berdasarkan hasil yurisprudensi di berbagai pengadilan internasional yang telah menangani terkait perkawinan paksa, penuntutan atas tindakan perkawinan paksa telah dilakukan dengan menerapkan ketentuan terkait tindakan-tindakan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan yang berbeda. Beberapa hasil putusan beranggapan bahwa perkawinan paksa lebih tepat untuk dituntut sebagai perbudakan seksual. Namun, dalam perkembangan terkini terkait penuntutan perkawinan paksa dalam kasus Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, Mahkamah Pidana Internasional menyatakan bahwa perkawinan paksa dapat dituntut secara tersendiri di bawah Pasal 7(1)(k) terkait other inhumane acts. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat perlindungan hukum yang terdapat dalam Statuta Roma untuk menghukum tindakan perkawinan paksa dan meneliti terkait alasan hukum yang mendasari penentuan elements of crime dari perkawinan paksa sebagai suatu bagian dari kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan, lalu bagaimana kasus Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen dapat menuntut perkawinan paksa secara tersendiri sebagai other inhumane acts. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa tindakan perkawinan paksa dan perbudakan seksual seringkali bersinggungan. Sebagaimana telah dinyatakan oleh majelis hakim dalam kasus Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, perkawinan paksa pada umumnya terjadi dalam situasi yang juga mencakup perbudakan seksual. Namun, ketika pemaksaan status perkawinan mengakibatkan penderitaan yang melebihi dan berbeda dari perbudakan seksual, maka perkawinan paksa patut untuk dituntut secara tersendiri agar dapat mencakup keseluruhan tindakan, dampak yang diakibatkan, serta kepentingan yang dilindungi dari tindakan kejahatan yang dilakukan.

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Forced marriage as a crime against humanity has not been regulated in the Rome Statute. In practice, the Court has prosecuted forced marriage as the crime against humanity of an other inhumane act and adopted the existing provisions to prosecute forced marriage as a crime against humanity. The jurisprudence from various international courts dealing with forced marriage has adopted different provisions regarding the crime against humanity to prosecute forced marriage. Some considers that forced marriage is more adequately prosecuted as sexual slavery, but recent developments regarding forced marriage in the case of the Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen shows that the Court views forced marriage as a crime that needs to be charged separately under Article 7(1)(k) of the Rome Statute as an other inhumane act. Therefore, this study aims to determine the legal protections under the Rome Statute to protect victims from forced marriage and examine the judicial reasonings in determining the elements of crime of forced marriage as a crime against humanity, particularly in prosecuting forced marriage as a separate crime against humanity in the case of the Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen. The results of this study found that the act of forced marriage and sexual slavery often intersect and are not mutually exclusive. As stated by the Trial Chamber in the case of Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen, forced marriages generally occur in situations in which women are sexually enslaved. However, when the imposition of marital status results in suffering that goes beyond sexual slavery, forced marriage should be prosecuted separately to warrant full responsibility of the perpetrator and to adequately represent the conduct, ensuing harm, and protected interests from the crime committed."