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"Perintah Jabatan merupakan salah satu bentuk dari dasar penghapus pidana. Hal ini termuat dalam Pasal 51 KUHP. Unsur yang menarik dalam Pasal 51 KUHP adalah mengenai ambtenaar pejabat/pegawai negeri yang hal ini tidak terdapat penjelasannya, dalam KUHP hanya terdapat perluasan maknanya saja. Hubungan Atasan dan Bawahan yang tercantum dalam Pasal 51 KUHP merupakan suatu hubungan yang bersifat publik. Namun, pada penerapannya Hakim dalam pertimbangannya menerapkan Pasal 51 KUHP bukan hanya pada orang-orang yang termasuk dalam pengertian ambtenaar yang diperluas oleh KUHP, melainkan hingga sektor swasta. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa pada penerapannya Pasal 51 KUHP sudah berkembang. Perkembangan ini dibuktikan dengan berbagai macam putusan yang terlihat bahwa Pasal 51 KUHP digunakan karena pada zaman sekarang hal tersebut sangat dibutuhkan terlebih apabila seseorang Bawahan melakukan sesuatu Tindak Pidana atas perintah dari Atasan. Selain itu perkembangan ini juga sangat erat hubungannya dengan perkembangan ajaran penyertaan. Akan tetapi bukan berarti setiap perintah yang diberikan oleh Atasan merupakan suatu perintah yang akan menghapuskan pidana, tetap ada batasan mengenai perintah tersebut untuk dipertanggungjawabkan. Demikian, perkembangan Pasal 51 KUHP bukan hanya untuk menghapuskan pidana seseorang melainkan tetap melihat batasan mengenai hal yang diperintahkan dari Atasan kepada Bawahan.

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The order of an official is one of the basic forms of the abolition of a criminal sanction. It rsquo s written in article 51 of the criminal code. An interesting aspect about article 51 is about meaning of ambtenaar official civil servants , which hasn rsquo t explained. In the criminal code, there rsquo s only an expansion of its meaning. Relationship between a superior and their subordinate, which is written in article 51 of the criminal code, is only regulated in public relationship. However, Judges implement article 51 of criminal code in their decision not only to people who are included in the expansion of ambtenaar in the criminal code, but to the private sector too. This situation shows that the implementation of article 51 of the criminal code have developed. This development is evidenced by the wide variety of decisions, which article 51 of the criminal code has been using. Because nowadays, it is very necessary, especially when someone does a crime on orders from their superior. Furthermore, this development is closely related with the development of participation. But this doesn rsquo t mean that every order from the superior is a reason to eliminate criminal sanctions, since there are limits regarding the order that makes the subordinate accountable for their actions. So, the development on article 51 of the criminal code is not just to erase criminal sanctions for a subordinate undertaking orders from their superior, but it also has to be within the limits set by the superior to the subordinate. "

"[ABSTRAKPemerintah Kota Surabaya mempunyai pengaturan tanah yang unik dan tidak dijumpai di kota manapun di Indonesia dengan memberikan Surat Izin Pemakaian Tanah atau sering dikenal dengan ldquo Surat Hijau rdquo yang mendasari penarikan retribusi kepada masyarakat Pengaturan tanah tersebut di atas tanah negara dan sebagian lagi memang di sebagian tanah Aset Daerah Kota Surabaya sendiri Penelitian Kebijakan Penyelesaian Konflik Pertanahan di atas ldquo Surat Hijau rdquo di Kota Surabaya ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif yaitu penelitian hukum yang dilakukan dengan cara meneliti data sekunder atau bahan pustaka Dalam perkembangannya masalah ldquo Surat Hijau rdquo telah menimbulkan berbagai macam konflik antara pemegang ldquo Surat Hijau rdquo dengan Pemerintah Kota Surabaya Konflik ini timbul karena terdapat perbedaan persepsi antara masyarakat dan Pemerintah Kota Surabaya dalam merujuk peraturan mengenai masalah penguasaan tanah Untuk itu diperlukan solusi yang saling menguntungkan antara pemegang ldquo Surat Hijau rdquo dengan Pemerintah Kota Surabaya.

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ABSTRACTThe Municipal City of Surabaya has a unique arrangement on land which are not found in any other city in Indonesia Land Usage Permit or commonly known as the Surat Hijau that underlie the withdrawal of levy to the public is managed and issued to the local population of Surabaya by the Municipal City of Surabaya This regulation is implemented upon the State Land and some upon the land that are part of Regional Asset of Surabaya itself The research about land conflict resolution policy of The Use of Land Permit uses Normative Juridical Research Method which focuses on the data collection tool and the study of literature After sometime the issues surrounding Surat Hijau has given rise to various sorts of conflicts between holders of Surat Hijau with the Municipal City of Surabaya This conflict arises because there is a difference in perception between the public and the city officials of Surabaya in reference to the regulation on land tenure This currently heated conflict required a solution that is mutually beneficial between the holders of Surat Hijau with the Municipal City of Surabaya ;The Municipal City of Surabaya has a unique arrangement on land which are not found in any other city in Indonesia Land Usage Permit or commonly known as the Surat Hijau that underlie the withdrawal of levy to the public is managed and issued to the local population of Surabaya by the Municipal City of Surabaya This regulation is implemented upon the State Land and some upon the land that are part of Regional Asset of Surabaya itself The research about land conflict resolution policy of The Use of Land Permit uses Normative Juridical Research Method which focuses on the data collection tool and the study of literature After sometime the issues surrounding Surat Hijau has given rise to various sorts of conflicts between holders of Surat Hijau with the Municipal City of Surabaya This conflict arises because there is a difference in perception between the public and the city officials of Surabaya in reference to the regulation on land tenure This currently heated conflict required a solution that is mutually beneficial between the holders of Surat Hijau with the Municipal City of Surabaya ;The Municipal City of Surabaya has a unique arrangement on land which are not found in any other city in Indonesia Land Usage Permit or commonly known as the Surat Hijau that underlie the withdrawal of levy to the public is managed and issued to the local population of Surabaya by the Municipal City of Surabaya This regulation is implemented upon the State Land and some upon the land that are part of Regional Asset of Surabaya itself The research about land conflict resolution policy of The Use of Land Permit uses Normative Juridical Research Method which focuses on the data collection tool and the study of literature After sometime the issues surrounding Surat Hijau has given rise to various sorts of conflicts between holders of Surat Hijau with the Municipal City of Surabaya This conflict arises because there is a difference in perception between the public and the city officials of Surabaya in reference to the regulation on land tenure This currently heated conflict required a solution that is mutually beneficial between the holders of Surat Hijau with the Municipal City of Surabaya , The Municipal City of Surabaya has a unique arrangement on land which are not found in any other city in Indonesia Land Usage Permit or commonly known as the Surat Hijau that underlie the withdrawal of levy to the public is managed and issued to the local population of Surabaya by the Municipal City of Surabaya This regulation is implemented upon the State Land and some upon the land that are part of Regional Asset of Surabaya itself The research about land conflict resolution policy of The Use of Land Permit uses Normative Juridical Research Method which focuses on the data collection tool and the study of literature After sometime the issues surrounding Surat Hijau has given rise to various sorts of conflicts between holders of Surat Hijau with the Municipal City of Surabaya This conflict arises because there is a difference in perception between the public and the city officials of Surabaya in reference to the regulation on land tenure This currently heated conflict required a solution that is mutually beneficial between the holders of Surat Hijau with the Municipal City of Surabaya ]"

"Negara Republik Indonesia sejak awal kemerdekaan sesungguhnya telah memiliki komitmen untuk menghormati dan menjunjung tinggi hak asasi manusia. Hal ini dapat dipahami dari UUD Tahun 1945 yang menegaskan bahwa Indonesia adalah negara yang berdasar pada paham kedaulatan rakyat, negara yang berdasar pada hukum serta sistem Konstitusi. Artinya berdasarkan ketiga pilar tersebut maka adanya jaminan pengakuan dan perlindungan hak asasi manusia adalah salah satu prinsip dari Demokrasi, Negara Hukum dan Sistem Konstitusi yang harus diwujudkan dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia. Konsekuensinya Negara mempunyai kewajiban untuk menjamin kebebasan, kesetaraan dan prinsip non diskriminasi bagi semua orang yang harus tercermin dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan. Mengenai hal ini telah ditentukan dalam Pasal 28 I Ayat (4) dan Ayat (5) UUD Negara RI Tahun 1945. Namun sepanjang perjalanan kehidupan ketatanegaraan Indonesia ternyata masih ada praktik-praktik penyelenggaraan negara yang tidak mencerminkan adanya jaminan terhadap kebebasan, kesetaraan dan prinsip non diskriminasi yang merupakan esensi dari perlindungan hak asasi manusia. Salah satu contoh adalah praktik diskriminasi rasial yang tetap menjadi current issue di semua rezim pemerintahan di Indonesia, bahkan di era Reformasi yang menyatakan sebagai pemerintahan yang lebih demokratis dan menjunjung tinggi hak asasi manusia justru praktik diskriminasi rasial yang berujung pada konflik horisontal terjadi di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia. Persoalan diskriminasi rasial sangat potensial terjadi di Indonesia, mengingat jumlah penduduknya yang sangat banyak dengan berbagai suku bangsa, ras dan etnis (multi etnis) serta tingkat pendidikan yang relatif masih rendah. Sementara harus diakui bahwa sampai saat ini upaya yang dilakukan belum dapat menghentikan praktik-praktik diskriminasi rasial. Semboyan Bhineka Tunggal Ika dan berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan tidak cukup menjawab persoalan mengenai diskriminasi ras dan etnis. Studi tentang etnis Tionghoa yang dilakukan secara komprehensif diharapkan mampu untuk memetakan problematika diskriminasi ras dan etnis di Indonesia sekaligus membangun kesadaran bagaimanakah wujud perlindungan hukum yang tepat untuk menghentikan praktik diskriminasi rasial di Indonesia. Etnis Tionghoa adalah salah satu etnis yang secara terus menerus menyuarakan perlawanan terhadap praktik diskriminasi rasial yang dialami oleh etnis Tionghoa, namun di sisi yang lain dominasi ekonomi oleh etnis Tionghoa juga disebut sebagai sebab praktik diskriminasi rasial yang dilakukan oleh etnis Tionghoa terhadap etnis yang lain. Model pendekatan hukum hak asasi manusia dapat digunakan sebagai pisau analisis untuk menghentikan praktik diskriminasi rasial di Indonesia. Hukum hak asasi manusia menjamin kebebasan setiap orang namun disisi yang lain juga diperlukan adanya pembatasan kebebasan dengan tujuan untuk menghormati kebebasan tersebut. Hukum hak asasi manusia memuat larangan diskriminasi atas dasar apapun termasuk larangan diskriminasi rasial, namun untuk mewujudkan prinsip kesetaraan diperlukan juga langkah-langkah khusus (tindakan affirmatif) yang ditujukan untuk kelompok masyarakat tertentu. Tindakan affirmatif adalah pembedaan yang tidak boleh dinilai sebagai perbuatan diskriminatif. Selain itu untuk sampai pada penyelesaian akar masalah diskriminasi rasial maka memaknai keadilan yang diwujudkan dalam sistem hukum yang intergratif dan tersedianya mekanisme penegakan yang komprehensif adalah sebuah keharusan dalam paham konstitusionalisme.

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Since the beginning the Republic of Indonesia in fact, already had commitment to respect and uphold human rights. This could be understood from Constitution of Republic Indonesia 1945 which stated that Indonesia is a country based on the understanding of sovereignty, which is based on Rule of Law and Constitution system. That is based on three pillars guarantees the recognition and protection of human rights is one of the principles of Democracy, Rule of Law and Constitution System should be realized in Constitutional law system. This brought a consequence for the State, which has obligation to guarantee freedom, equality and the principle of non-discrimination for all people that should be reflected in governance. This matter has been specified in Paragraph I of Article 28 (4) and (5) the Constitution of Republic Indonesia 1945. However, throughout as long as the experiences of Indonesia, the lack of state enforcement practices that do not reflect a guarantee of liberty, equality and non-discrimination principles which is the essence of the protection of human rights. One example is the practice of racial discrimination that remains as current issue in all regimes of governance in Indonesia, even in reformation era that states as a more democratic government and respect for human rights is precisely the practice of racial discrimination that leads to horizontal conflicts occur in various areas Indonesia. The issue of potential racial discrimination occurred in Indonesia, considered the vast amount of people from different ethnic, racial and ethnic groups (multi-ethnic) and educational level is still relatively low. While it must be admitted that so far, the efforts have not been able to end the practice of racial discrimination. The motto Unity in Diversity and the various laws and regulations do not adequately addressed the question of racial and ethnic discrimination. The study of ethnic Chinese that has been done, hopefully will be able to comprehensively map the problem of racial and ethnic discrimination in Indonesia as well as build awareness on how to form the legal protection to end the practice of racial discrimination in Indonesia. Ethnic Chinese is one of the ethnic that continually active engaged in opposition to practice of racial discrimination faced by ethnic Chinese, but on the other hand by the Chinese economic dominance also mentioned as the reason for the practice of racial discrimination committed by the Chinese against other ethnic groups. Model approach to human rights law can be used as an analytical knife to stop the practice of racial discrimination in Indonesia. Human rights law guarantees freedom of every person, but on the other also required the restriction of freedom in order to respect these freedoms. Human rights law includes the prohibition of discrimination on any ground, including the prohibition of racial discrimination, but to embody the principle of equality is also required special measures (affirmative action) aimed at specific communities. Affirmative action is a distinction that should not be considered as discriminatory acts. In addition to the completion of the root of the problem of racial discrimination, therefore to make sense of justice embodied in the legal system integrative and the availability of a comprehensive enforcement mechanism is a necessity in understanding of constitutionalism."