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"War and armed conflicts have been the major problems in international law especially for their defected impacts such as physical, psychological, and material loss for the victims. Wars and armed conflicts are subject to international humanitarian law so that people are protected from the soldiers violence where they kill each other in defending their national interests. Humanitarian law also has a purpose to protect wounded soldiers and prisoners of war from inhuman treatments. However, these wars and armed conflicts should be prevented because they have more disadvantages than advantages to human beings."

"Wartawan yang berada di wilayah konflik bersenjata internasional memegang peranan penting, yaitu untuk menyampaikan informasi kepada dunia mengenai peristiwa yang terjadi dalam konflik langsung dari tempat kejadian. Namun dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan mereka tersebut, wartawan dan pekerja media yang melakukan liputan di wilayah konflik bersenjata internasional seringkali menghadapi berbagai resiko berbahaya. Mereka dapat menjadi korban dalam serangan militer ataupun tindakan kekerasan lainnya. Skripsi ini akan membahas mengenai perlindungan yang diberikan terhadap wartawan dalam konflik bersenjata internasional berdasarkan hukum humaniter internasional serta penerapannya. Wartawan yang berada dalam wilayah konflik bersenjata internasional memperoleh perlindungan sebagai warga sipil. Hukum humaniter internasional memberikan perlindungan bagi wartawan dalam konflik bersenjata internasional ke dalam dua konsepsi. Pertama, perlindungan terhadap wartawan perang (war correspondents) dalam Pasal 4A ayat (4) Geneva Convention III 1949, relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, yang kedua, perlindungan terhadap wartawan yang melaksanakan misi-misi profesional yang berbahaya dalam Pasal 79 Additional Protocol I 1977. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dimana sumber data diperoleh dari data sekunder dan dianalisis secara kualitatif.

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Journalists covering an international armed conflict play an important role, as they are the one who can be on the spot to look for information and communicate it to the public.Journalists covering armed conflicts have always had to face dangerous situations, they are exposed to the phyisical danger of war, they can be the victims of the direct effects of hostilities and arbitrary acts. The aim of this thesis to elucidate the legal protection granted to journalists in international armed conflict according to international humanitarian law. International humanitarian law gives protection to journalists in two different ways. First, the Third Geneva Conventions relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of Wars covers war correspondents. Secondly, th 1977 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions delas specifically with journalists engaged in dangerous professionaal missions in areas of armed conflict. Both treaties apply to international armed conflicts. A journalist covering an international armed conflict is considered a civilian, therefore an attack toward journalist in armed conflict is a grave breach."

"This study focuses on the prohibition of sexual violence in armed conflict based on the provision of various international treaties and the sanctions that imposed on perpetrators of sexual violence according to the Rome Statute of International Criminal Court. The analysis on the provision of the Rome Statute of International Criminal Statute and its application in some cases of sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This study is based on the results of literature study with normative juridical method. Based on the result of this study, the provisions of the prohibition of sexual violence has not been properly applied in some cases that occur in armed conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Therefore, in addition to the provision of regulation, it is also necessary to establish the system of evidence that could facilitate the implementation of the sanctions to the perpetrators of sexual violence in armed conflicts.

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Skripsi ini membahas mengenai larangan dilakukannya kekerasan seksual dalam konflik bersenjata berdasarkan perumusan dalam berbagai perjanjian internasional dan sanksi yang diberikan kepada pelaku kekerasan seksual berdasarkan statuta peradilan internasional. Analisa mengenai perumusan kekerasan seksual didasari pada ketentuan dalam Rome Statute of International Criminal Court dan penerapannya dalam kasus kekerasan seksual yang terjadi di Democratic Republic of the Congo. Penelitian ini disusun berdasarkan studi kepustakaan dengan metode yuridis normatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, perumusan mengenai larangan kekerasan seksual belum dapat diterapkan secara baik dalam beberapa kasus yang terjadi pada konflik bersenjata di Democratic Republic of the Congo. Oleh karena itu, selain rumusan pengaturan, diperlukan pula sistem pembuktian yang dapat mempermudah dilakukannya penerapan saksi bagi pelaku kekerasan seksual dalam konflik bersenjata."

"Ketentuan-ketentuan mengenai perlindungan benda budaya pada masa konflik bersenjata dapat ditemukan dalam Convention IV respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Convention IV relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War dan kedua protokol tambahannya, serta Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict dan kedua protokolnya. Ketiga perangkat instrumen hukum humaniter internasional di atas memuat kewajiban negara untuk menghormati benda budaya pada masa konflik bersenjata. Beberapa prinsip dasar di dalamnya diakui sebagai hukum kebiasaan internasional. Penerapan dari ketentuanketentuan hukum internasional terkait benda budaya dapat dilihat dengan menelaah praktik International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Dua kasusnya, yakni Prosecutor v. Miodrag Jokic dan Prosecutor v. Pavle Strugar, menunjukkan pelaksanaan proses peradilan terhadap pelaku dalam penghancuran Kota Tua Dubrovnik.

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The rules on the protection of cultural property during armed conflicts can be found in Convention IV respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Convention IV relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War and its two additional protocols, as well as Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its two protocols. These three sets of international treaties govern a state?s obligations concerning respect towards cultural property in times of armed conflict. Several provisions contained therein are acknowledged as customary international law. The implementation of the rules in international humanitarian law concerning cultural property can be seen by inspecting the practice of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Its two cases, namely Prosecutor v. Miodrag Jokic and Prosecutor v. Pavle Strugar, illustrates the judicial process involved in convicting perpetrators responsible for the destruction of the Old City of Dubrovnik."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang konsep konflik bersenjata non-internasional dalam beberapa konvensi internasional. Permasalahan hukum internasional yang akan dibahas adalah Pertama, mengenai konsep konflik bersenjata non-internasional dalam Common Article 3 Konvensi Jenewa tahun 1949. Kedua, mengenai konsep konflik bersenjata non-internasional dalam Protokol Tambahan II tahun 1977 dan Rome Statute of International Criminal Court tahun 1998. Ketiga, mengenai kategorisasi konflik bersenjata yang terjadi di Ituri, Kongo, terkait adanya keterlibatan dari negara-negara tetangga Kongo dalam konflik tersebut. Dalam mempelajari konsep konflik bersenjata non-internasional tidak cukup hanya dengan melihat pengaturannya dalam konvensi, namun juga harus melihat penerapan konsep tersebut dalam kasus yang ada.

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The focus of this study is the concept of non-international armed conflict in several international conventions. The problems of international law that will be discussed are; First, the concept of non-international armed conflict in Common Article 3 of Geneva Convention 1949; Second, the concept of non-international armed conflict in Additional Protocol II of Geneva Convention 1977 and Rome Statute of International Criminal Court 1998; and Third, categorization of armed conflict in Ituri, Congo, related to the involvement of neighboring countries in that conflict. In studying the concept of non-international armed conflict is not enough just to look at the regulation in the convention, but also have to look at the application of these concepts in the cases."

"Perang tidak pernah menunjukkan wajah yang sama disetiap perang. Jika dahulu manusia berperang menggunakan batu, sekarang manusia berperang menggunakan teknologi. Manusia telah memasuki era gelombang ketiga dimana peranan teknologi sudah tidak bisa lepas dari peradaban manusia. Teknologi-teknologi yang dilengkapi dengan kecerdasan buatan dan dapat bertindak tanpa bantuan manusia (Sistem Senjata Otonom) kini hadir dan telah terjun langsung di medan perang dan memberikan ketakutan yang luar biasa bagi beberapa pihak dan juga menjadi sebuah senyuman bagi pihak lainnya karena merasa bahwa ini merupakan sebuah mahakarya yang dapat melindungi dan menyelamatkan nyawa. Pemanfaatan ilmu pengetahuan dalam wujud penciptaan sistem senjata otonom ini kemudian diuji dengan etika dan moralitas dalam berperang. Pro dan kontra kerap terjadi dengan mengacu pada keraguan apakah sistem seperti ini dapat tunduk pada kaidah-kaidah yang hidup dan berlaku. Apakah hadirnya teknologi otonom seperti ini membawa manusia kedalam pertempuran yang lebih manusiawi atau malah semakin sadis? Pengaturan terkait hadirnya teknologi ini juga terlihat statis sehingg membuat banyak pihak semakin mempertanyakan keabsahan teknologi ini. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara normatif dengan mengkaji sistem senjata otonom berdasarkan hukum humaniter.

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War never shows the same face in every war. If in the past humans carried out executions using stones, now humans carry out executions using technology. Humans have entered the third wave era where the role of technology cannot be separated from human civilization. Technologies that are equipped with artificial intelligence and can act without human assistance (Autonomous Weapon Systems) are now present and have plunged directly into the battlefield and have given great fear to some parties and also become a smile for others because they feel that this is a masterpiece that can protect and save lives. The use of science in the form of making an autonomous weapon system is then tested with ethics and morality in a sense of anxiety. Pros and cons often occur with reference to doubts whether a system like this can be subject to living and valid rules. Does the presence of autonomous technology like this bring humans into battles that are more humane or even more sadistic? Arrangements related to the presence of this technology also look static, so that many parties are increasingly modifying the validity of this technology. This research was conducted normatively by examining autonomous weapons systems based on humanitarian law."