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"Penelitian isolasi bertahap telah dilakukan untuk mendapatkan bakteri pendegradasi fraksi jenuh, aromatik, resin, dan aspal. Isolasi dilakukan terhadap lima sampel tanah terkontaminasi minyak dari Sumatera Selatan. Medium isolasi menggunakan soil extract diperkaya oil recovery atau oil recovery sisa degradasi (OSD) sebagai satu-satunya sumber karbon dan energi sesuai tahapan isolasi. OSD setiap akhir tahap isolasi difraksinasi menggunakan analisis SARA untuk mengetahui fraksi jenuh, aromatik, resin dan aspal. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan enam isolat bakteri terpilih berdasarkan kecepatan degradasi tertinggi pada setiap tahap, satu isolat bakteri pendegradasi fraksi jenuh yaitu Mycobacterium sp. T1H2D4-7 dengan laju degradasi 0,0199 mg/jam dan kepadatan 8,4x10 6cfu/g dari tahap I. Isolat T2H1D2-4 teridentifikasi sebagai Pseudomonas sp. merupakan bakteri pendegradasi fraksi aromatik dengan laju degradasi 0,0141 mg/jam dan kepadatan 5,1x10 6cfu/g diperoleh pada tahap II. Dua isolat yaitu Micrococcus sp. T3H2D4-2 dan Pseudomonas sp. T1H1D5-5 merupakan bakteri pendegradasi fraksi resin yang masing-masing mempunyai laju degradasi 0,0088 mg/jam dengan kepadatan 5,6x10 6cfu/g, dan 0,0089 mg/jam dengan kepadatan 5,7x10 6cfu/g diperoleh dari tahap III. Isolasi tahap IV diperoleh dua isolat yaitu Pseudomonas sp. T4H1D3-1 dan Pseudomonas sp. T4H3D5-4 yang merupakan bakteri pendegradasi fraksi aspal, masing-masing mempunyai kecepatan degradasi 0,0057 mg /jam dengan kerapatan 5,6x10 6cfu/g, dan 0,0058 mg/jam dengan kerapatan 5,7x10 6cfu/g.

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Sequential isolation has been conducted to obtain isolates of saturated, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene fractions degrading bacteria from oil contaminated sites. Five soil samples were collected from South Sumatera. These bacterial isolates were obtained using soil extract medium enriched with oil recovery or remaining-oil recovery degradated (ROD) as sole carbon and energy sources according to the isolation stage as the isolation medium. ROD at the end of every isolation stage analyzed oil fractions by use of the SARA analysis method. Six isolates of bacteria have been selected, one isolate was fraction satu rates degrading bacteria that are Mycobacterium sp. T1H2D4-7 at degradation rate 0.0199 mgs/h with density 8.4x10 6cfu/g from stage I. The isolate T2H1D2-4, identified as Pseudomonas sp. was fraction aromatics degrading bacteria at accelerate 0.0141 mgs/h with density 5.1x10 6cfu/g are obtained at stage II. Two isolates namely Micrococcus sp. T3H2D4-2 and Pseudomonas sp. T1H1D5-5 were fraction resins degrading bacteria by accelerate 0.00 88 mgs/h at density 5.6x10 6cfu/g and 0.0089 mgs/h at density 5.7x10 6 cfu/g are obtained at stage III. Isolation of stage IV has been obtained two isolates Pseudomonas sp. T4H1D3-1 and Pseudomonas sp. T4H3D5-4 were fraction asphaltenes degrading bacteria by accelerate 0.0057 mgs/h at density 5.6x10 6cfu/g and accelerate 0.0058 mgs/h at density 5.7x10 6cfu/g."

"Potensi Indonesia sebagai salah satu penghasil minyak cengkeh terbesar di dunia didukung dengan pengembangan perkebunan cengkeh di Indonesia. Sulawesi Utara merupakan provinsi penghasil minyak cengkeh di Indonesia. Desa Liandok yang berada pada kabupaten Minahasa Selatan, provinsi Sulawesi Utara memiliki area perkebunan cengkeh yang luas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi gen ech dan gen fcs pada bakteri tanah dari perkebunan cengkeh Desa Liandok, Minahasa Selatan. Bakteri tanah dari perkebunan cengkeh di Desa Liandok, Minahasa Selatan diisolasi dengan beberapa medium selektif. Ektraksi DNA dilakukan dengan menggunakan Geneaid PrestoTM Mini gDNA Bacteria Kit. Isolasi genom dari ekstraksi DNA dilakukan dengan elektroforesis gel agarosa. Primer forward dan primer reverse didesain dengan multiple alignment sekuens yang menyandi gen ech dan gen fcs dari bakteri Pseudomonas sp. pada data NCBI GenBank. Analisis PCR dilakukan melalui primer forward dan primer reverse untuk mendeteksi gen ech dan gen fcs pada isolat. Selanjutnya, amplikon dianalisis dengan elektroforesis gel agarosa untuk menunjukan pita pada daerah gen ech dan gen fcs. Analisis secara molekuler dilakukan dengan mengamplifikasi gen 16S rRNA dengan metode PCR menggunakan primer universal 27F dan 534R dan dilanjutkan dengan sekuensing terhadap gen 16S rRNA. Langkah terakhir, yaitu dilakukan analisis hasil sekuensing menggunakan metode BLAST di NCBI. Keberadaan gen ech dan gen fcs pada isolat bervariasi. Sembilan isolat dari total 22 isolat memiliki gen ech dan gen fcs. Hasil BLAST terhadap urutan nukleotida gen 16S rRNA dari tiga isolat yang disekuensing mempunyai kesamaan 99% dengan bakteri Pseudomonas nitroreducens dan satu isolat mempunyai kesamaan 96% dengan Pseudomonas denitrificans. Sebagai kesimpulan, bakteri tanah pada perkebunan cengkeh di Desa Liandok, Minahasa Selatan memiliki gen ech dan gen fcs yang berpotensi untuk melakukan konversi eugenol menjadi vanillin.

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Indonesias potential as worlds largest clove oil producer is supported by the development of clove plantations in Indonesia. North Sulawesi is a province that playing the biggest role in producing clove oil in Indonesia. Desa Liandok is located in Minahasa Selatan, North Sulawesi which has a large areal of clove oil plantation. This study was aimed to characterize ech and fcs genes in soil bacteria from clove plantation in Desa Liandok, South Minahasa which has the potential to bioconvert eugenol to vanillin. The soil bacteria from clove plantations in Desa Liandok, South Minahasa was isolated using selective mediums. DNA extraction was carried out using Geneaid PrestoTM Mini gDNA Bacteria Kit. The isolated genomes from DNA extraction were analyzed and carried out by agarose gel electrophoresis. Both primers for PCR were designed by aligning multiple ech and fcs genes sequences of Pseudomonas sp. in NCBI GenBank data. PCR analysis was performed within forward and reverse primers to detect ech and fcs genes in the isolate. Furthermore, the amplicons was analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis to show ech and fcs genes bands. Molecular analysis was carried out by amplifying the 16S rRNA gene with the PCR method using universal primers 27F and 534R and continued with sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The last step was to analyze the result of DNA sequencing using BLAST method in NCBI. The existence of ech and fcs genes in each isolate were varied. BLAST analysis against nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene from three isolates that were sequenced possess 99% similarities with Pseudomonas nitroreducens and one isolate possesses 96% similarities with Pseudomonas denitrificans. Nine out of 22 isolates contained both fcs and ech genes. To conclude, soil bacterias in clove plantation in Desa Liandok, South Minahasa have ech and fcs genes which have the potential to bioconvert eugenol to vanillin."

"Sludge oil contains 30%?50% hydrocarbon fractions that comprise saturated fractions, aromatics, resins, andasphaltene. Asphaltene fraction is the most persistent fraction. In this research, the indigenous bacteria that can degradeasphaltene fractions from a sludge oil sample from Balikpapan that was isolated using BHMS medium (Bushnell-HassMineral Salt) with 0.01% (w/v) yeast extract, 2% (w/v) asphaltene extract, and 2% (w/v) sludge oil. The ability of thefour isolates to degrade asphaltene fractions was conducted by the biodegradation asphaltene fractions test using liquidcultures in a BHMS medium with 0.01% (w/v) yeast extract and 2% (w/v) asphaltene extract as a carbon source. Theparameters measured during the process of biodegradation of asphaltene fractions include the quantification of TotalPetroleum Hydrocarbon (g), log total number of bacteria (CFU/ml), and pH. There are four bacteria (isolates 1, 2, 3, and4) that have been characterized to degrade asphaltic fraction and have been identified as Bacillus sp. Lysinibacillusfusiformes, Acinetobacter sp., and Mycobacterium sp., respectively. The results showed that the highest ability todegrade asphaltene fractions is that of Bacillus sp. (isolate 1) and Lysinibacillus fusiformes (Isolate 2), withbiodegradation percentages of asphaltene fractions being 50% and 55%, respectively, and growth rate at the exponentialphase is 7.17x107 CFU/mL.days and 4.21x107 CFU/mL.days, respectively.Isolasi Bakteri Pendegradasi Fraksi Aspaltik dari Lumpur Minyak Bumi. Lumpur minyak bumi mengandung30%-50% fraksi hidrokarbon yang terdiri dari fraksi jenuh, aromatik, resin, dan aspaltik. Fraksi aspaltik merupakanfraksi yang paling sulit didegradasi. Pada penelitian ini, bakteri pendegradasi fraksi aspaltik merupakan bakteriindigenos yang diisolasi dari sampel lumpur minyak bumi di Balikpapan dengan menggunakan media Bushnell-HassMineral Salt (BHMS) dengan 0.01% (b/v) ekstrak ragi, 2% (b/v) ekstrak fraksi aspaltik, dan 2% (b/v) lumpur minyakbumi. Kemampuan isolat mendegradasi fraksi aspaltik diuji menggunakan media BHMS yang ditambahkan 0.01% (b/v)ekstrak ragi dan 2% (b/v) ekstrak fraksi aspaltik sebagai sumber karbon. Selama uji biodegradasi dilakukan pengukuranparameter yaitu Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (g), jumlah total bakteri (CFU/mL), dan pH. Empat isoat bakteri (isolat1,2,3, dan 4) yang telah dikarakterisasi mampu mendegradasi fraksi aspaltik dan teridentifikasi secara berurutansebagai, Acinetobacter sp., and Mycobacterium sp. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Bacillus sp. (isolat 1) danLysinibacillus fusiformes (Isolat 2) memiliki kemampuan terbaik dalam mendegradasi fraksi aspaltik, kemampuanbiodegradasi fraksi aspaltik secara berurutan adalah 50% dan 55%, dan laju pertumbuhan pada fase eksponensial secaraberurutan adalah 7.17x107 CFU/mL.hari dan 4.21x107 CFU/mL.hari."

"Minuman kefir merupakan suatu produk fermentasi yang dapat dibuat secara mudah dan murah. Minuman kefir dikenal luas sebagai suatu minuman probiotik. Pembuatan kefir dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan baik susu sapi maupun susu kambing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antibakteri dari kefir susu sapi dan susu kambing, serta mengisolasi bakteri lactobacilli yang berperan. Aktivitas antibakteri dari kefir diuji berdasarkan perbedaan pada jenis susu yang digunakan dan lama waktu fermentasi. Isolasi dan karakterisasi isolat dilakukan berdasarkan Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. Kefir dibuat dengan menginokulasikan 5% (w/v) granula kefir lokal ke dalam 50 mL susu sapi atau kambing yang telah dipasteurisasi. Fermentasi dilakukan selama 3, 4, dan 5 hari untuk kedua jenis susu. Uji antibakteri dari kefir dilakukan dengan metode difusi menggunakan silinder (cylinder diffusion method) terhadap 5 bakteri uji, yaitu Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DRK 9.1, Eschericia coli NBRC 3301, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 13719 dan Kocuria rhizophila NBRC 12708. Pengukuran nilai pH kefir dilakukan dengan pH meter dan nilai total asam kefir dengan metode titrasi. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri dari kefir susu sapi maupun susu kambing menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antibakteri terhadap kelima bakteri uji. Secara umum kefir susu sapi menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri yang lebih kecil dari kefir susu kambing, baik dari hasil fermentasi dengan lama waktu 3, 4, maupun 5 hari. Selanjutnya, aktivitas antibakteri yang paling optimal secara umum diperoleh pada kefir dengan lama fermentasi 4 hari baik untuk kefir susu sapi maupun susu kambing. Sebanyak 9 isolat bakteri berhasil diisolasi. Seluruhnya menunjukkan karakteristik bakteri yang berasal dari kelompok lactobacilli.

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Kefir is a fermented beverage that can be made easily and cheaply. Kefir is widely known as a probiotic beverage. The production of kefir can be done using either cow milk or goat milk. This study aims to examine the antibacterial activity of cow milk and goat milk kefir, as well as to isolate responsible lactobacilli bacteria. The antibacterial activity of kefir is examined based on differences in type of milk used and fermentation time. The isolation and characterization of isolates is done according to Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. The kefirs are made by inoculating 5% (w/v) local kefir grains into 50 mL pasteurized cow milk or goat milk. Fermentation was carried out for 3, 4, and 5 days for both types of milk. The antibacterial test of kefirs was carried out using diffusion method utilizing cylinders (cylinder diffusion method) against 5 test bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DRK 9.1, Eschericia coli NBRC 3301, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 13719 and Kocuria rhizophila NBRC 12708. The measurement of kefir pH values was performed using pH meter and kefir total acidities by using titration method. Antibacterial activity test results from either cow milk or goat milk kefir showed the presence of antibacterial activity against five test bacteria. In general, cow milk kefir showed lower antibacterial activity than goat milk kefir in fermentation times of either 3, 4, or 5 days. Furthermore, the most optimal antibacterial activity was generally obtained in kefirs with a fermentation time of 4 days for both cow milk and goat milk kefir. A total of 9 bacterial isolates were successfully isolated. All of which shows the characteristics of bacteria from the lactobacilli group."

"Kegiatan industri pertambangan minyak bumi di Indonesia telah menimbulkan banyak kasus pencemaran limbah berbahaya dan beracun (B3). Kasus tersebut dapat menimbulkan dampak buruk bagi kualitas lingkungan. Pada KepMenLH No. 128 Tahun 2003, disebutkan bahwa pemulihan lahan tercemar oleh minyak bumi dapat dilakukan secara biologis, dengan menggunakan kapasitas kemampuan mikroorganisme. Salah satu teknik penerapan pemulihan tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan teknik Bioventing. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh injeksi udara dan mikroorganisme yang berperan dalam proses remediasi dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerjanya bioventing. Minyak bumi yang digunakan merupakan crude oil yang berasal dari PPPTMGB Lemigas. Selama 5 minggu penelitian, didapatkan penyisihan konsentrasi TPH terbesar yaitu sebesar 82% yang terdapat pada sampel dengan konsentrasi bakteri Bacillus Subtilis 10% v/v. Sedangkan pada sampel dengan konsentrasi bakteri Bacillus Subtilis 15% v/v, dan tanpa penambahan bakteri (bakteri indigenous) 1 dan 2 secara berurut adalah 67,1%, 54,24%, dan 68,12%. Penyisihan konsentrasi BTEX terbesar, yaitu sebesar 66,65% pada kontrol 2. Sedangkan sampel dengan kontrol 1, konsentrasi bakteri Bacillus Subtilis 10% v/v, dan bakteri Bacillus Subtilis 15% v/v secara berurut adalah 23,39%, 34,41%, dan 37,69%. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa sampel dengan konsentrasi bakteri Bacillus Subtilis 10% v/v dan Kontrol 2 yang paling baik dalam mendukung efektivitas proses degradasi minyak bumi.

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Oil mining industry in Indonesia has generated many cases of very hazardous waste pollution. Those cases could adversely affect the quality of environment. Ministry of Environment through the Ministry of Environment Decree No. 128/2003, stated that the recovery of oil contaminated area can be purified by using microbial activity, called bioremediation. On of the most preferred methods for the remediation process of oil contaminated soil is bioventing.

The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of air injection and microorganisms that play a role in the remediation process and the factors that affect performance bioventing. Oil used in this study was crude oil which was derived from PPTMGB Lemigas. The purpose of this study. During the 5 weeks of the study, obtained the largest TPH concentrations allowance that is equal to 82% were found in the sample with the concentration of the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis 10% v/v. While the sample with the concentration of bacteria Bacillus Subtilis 15% v/v, and without the addition of bacteria (indigenous) 1 and 2 in sequence is 67.1%, 54.24%, and 68.12%. Provision largest concentration of BTEX, amounting to 66.65% in the control 2. Whereas the control 1, the concentration of the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis 10% v / v, and the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis 15% v / v in the order are 23.39%, 34.41%, and 37.69%.

From this study it can be concluded that the sample with the concentration of the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis 10% v / v and Control 2 is best in support of the effectiveness of oil degradation process."

"Bonggol jagung merupakan salah satu biomassa yang memiliki jumlah yang berlimpah di Indonesia. Dengan pirolisis, bonggol jagung dapat dikonversi menjadi bio-oil yang mengandung senyawa seperti furan, fenol, dan turunannya yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pengekstraksi aromatik pada minyak pelumas mentah. Banyaknya kandungan aromatik pada pelumas dapat mempengaruhi sifat fisik pelumas yang menyebabkan gesekan pada bagian-bagian mesin yang dilumasi. Objektif penelitian ini adalah memperoleh fraksi furan, fenol, dan turunannya dari pirolisis yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pelarut aromatik pada pelumas yang optimal. Pirolisis dilakukan pada reaktor berpengaduk dengan heating rate 5oC/menit, suhu maksimal 500oC, dan dialirkan gas N2 dengan laju alir 900 mL/menit. Bio-oil hasil pirolisis mengandung berbagai senyawa yang tidak diinginkan, salah satu yang paling dominan adalah asam karboksilat 37, sementara kandungan furan 13 dan fenol 7. Isolasi fraksi furan dan fenol dilakukan dengan penambahan NaOH dan sentrifugasi untuk menghasilkan dua fasa terpisah, yaitu fasa asam karboksilat serta fasa furan dan fenol. Fasa furan dan fenol mengandung furan 13 dan fenol 27 serta tidak ada kandungan asam karboksilat. Ekstraksi aromatik dilakukan dengan menggunakan fasa furan dan fenol dan pelumas mesin yang dicampur dengan p-xylene sebagai senyawa model aromatik pada suhu konstan 40oC selama 60 menit. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar rasio berat pelarut terhadap pelumas, sisa aromatik yang terdapat pada rafinat semakin sedikit, dan semakin sedikit jumlah aromatik awal pada pelumas, efektivitas melarutkan aromatik semakin besar.

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Corncob is one of the biomass which has abundant amount in Indonesia. Through pyrolysis, corncobs can be converted into bio oils containing compounds such as furans phenol, and its derivatives which can be utilized as extractants of aromatics in raw lubricant oil. In high temperature, the aromatic content in engine lubricants can affect physical properties of the lubricants causing wearing on engine parts. The object of this research is to utilize the fraction of furan, phenol, and its derivatives from pyrolysis as an optimum aromatic extractant. Pyrolysis has been done in a stirred tank reactor with a heating rate of 5oC min, a maximum temperature of 500oC and flow rate N2 of 900mL min. Bio oil from pyrolysis contains many undesired compounds, one of which was carboxylic acid as the predominant compounds 37, while furan content was 13 and phenol 7. Isolation of furan and phenol fractions has been achieved by the addition of NaOH and then centrifugation to produce two separated phases the carboxylic acid phase and the furan and phenol phase. Furan and phenol phase contains 13 furan and 27 phenol with no carboxylic acid content. The aromatic extraction was performed using furan and phenol phase and an engine lubricant mixed with p xylene as an aromatic compound model at constant temperature of 40oC for 60 minutes. Experiment result shows that the greater the weight ratio of solvent to lubricant, the lower is the aromatic residual present in the raffinate and the lower the initial aromatic content in lubricant, the greater the effectiveness of aromatic extraction."

"Propoxur (2-isopropoksifenil-N-metilkarbamat) merupakan insektisida yang berpotensi merusak lingkungan. Kecepatan degradasi propoksur di lingkungan diduga disebabkan peningkatan aktivitas bakteri tanah pendegradasi pestisida. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh, mengidentifikasi, dan menguji kemampuan bakteri pendegradasi propoksur. Isolasi dan seleksi dilakukan dengan metode kultur diperkaya. Identifikasi dilakukan dengan analisis filogenetik gen 16S rDNAdibandikan dengan karakter morfologi dan fisiologi. Kemampuan bakteri mendegredasi propoksur diukur pada medium yang mengandung propoksur sebagai sumber karbon pada konsentrasi yang bervariasi. Penurunan konsentrasi propoksur pada medium dianalisis dengan metode spektrofotometri diazotisasi-2-aminopiridina dan KCKT. Pertumbuhan dan kemampuan mendegradasi propoksur juga diukur pada medium dengan pH bervariasi. Aktivitas enzim diukur dengan metode sel istirahat. Enam isolat diperoleh mampu tumbuh dalam propoxur sebagai konsorsium. Satu isolat potensial memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi dan menggunakan propoksur sebagai sumber karbon sebagai kultur tunggal yakni isolat IE. Hasil analisis filogenetik gen 16S rDNA, serta karakter morfologi dan fisiologi menunjukkan isolat IE adalah Rhodococcus pyridinivorans. Bakteri tumbuh dan mendegradasi propoksur menjadi 2-isopropoksifenol dan metilamina dan menggunakan 2- isopropoksifenol sebagai sumber karbon, optimum pada pH 8.Propoxur (2-isopropoxyphenyl-N-methylcarbamate) was an insecticide that has potential environmental impact. Enhanced degradation propoxur in environment is presumably the result of an increase of activities of soil pesticidedegrading bacteria. This research aims to obtain, to identify, and to test the ability of bacteria degrading propoxur. Isolation and selection was done by enrichment culture method. Identification was done by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA gene compared with morphological and physiological character. The ability of the bacteria to degrade propoxur was measured on medium contain propoxur as sole carbon source in variation concentration. Propoxur in medium was analyzed by diazotized-2-aminopyridine spectrophotometry and HPLC. The ability to growth and to degrade the propoxur was measured on medium with variation of pH. Enzyme activity was measured by resting cell method. Six isolates was obtain growth in propoxur as consortium. One potential isolate has the ability degrading and using propoxur as sole carbon source as a single culture designated as isolate IE. Result of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA gene, morphological and physiological character showed isolate IE is Rhodococcus pyridinivorans. The bacterium grows and degrades propoxur into 2-isopropoxyphenol and methylamine utilized 2-isopropoxyphenol as sole source of carbon, optimum at pH 8."

"ABSTRACTSeveral harbours in North Jakarta have been polluted by spills of oil and their derivates. We suggest that diversespecies of crude oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria inhabit these harbours. An experimentwas undertaken in 2007 to isolate crude oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading bacteria fromoil-polluted harbours, such as Muara Baru, Sunda Kelapa and Tanjung Priok. Sea water and sediment sampleswere collected twice, in March and April. Crude oil and PAH-degrading bacteria were isolated from enrichmentculture of samples in an enrichment medium (SWP), using ONR7a medium with the addition of 5 types of PAHgases or Arabian Light Crude Oil 210 (ALCO 210) onto medium. This study reported that fluoranthene and crudeoil-degrading bacteria were the major bacteria isolated from the three polluted harbours. In total, 109 isolates havebeen collected which can degrade crude oil (29% of total isolates), fluoranthene (33%), fluorene (20%), pyrene (7%),dibenzothiopene (6%), and phenantrene (5 %). Cultivable bacteria have been isolated mostly from the Sunda Kelapasamples, with fewer in those from Muara Baru and Tanjung Priok, respectively. Among these isolates, 5 isolateshave the capability to degrade 5 types of PAH and ALCO 210. They were Alcanivorax sp. B-1084, Pseudomonassp. D5-38b, Alcanivorax sp. TE-9, Bacillus sp. L41, Alcanivorax dieselolei strain B-5 clone 1. "

"Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui keanekaragaman bakteri Ktedonobacteria dari sampel tanah hutan di sekitar Geiser Cisolok, Jawa Barat dengan metode culture-dependent dan metode culture-independent. Isolasi bakteri menggunakan medium Reasoner's 2A (10%) dengan penambahan 2% gellan gum, cycloheximide, dan sodium azide. Inkubasi dilakukan pada suhu 30 oC selama 3 minggu. Amplifikasi gen 16S rRNA isolat bakteri menggunakan primer spesifik Ktedonobacteria (primer 161F dan 941R), dan primer universal bakteri (9F dan 1510R). Identitas isolat bakteri diperoleh berdasarkan data full sequence gen 16S rRNA melalui pencarian homologi pada EZBioCloud (www.ezbiocloud.net). Analisis filogenetik menggunakan metode Neighbour Joining, Maximum Evolution, dan Maximum Likelihood. Analisis keanekaragaman bakteri Ktedonobacteria menggunakan Next Generation Sequencing berdasarkan data partial sequence (daerah variabel V1--V3) dari gen 16S rRNA. Analisis data komposisi taksonomi bakteri dan indeks keanekaragaman menggunakan software QIIME2. Empat isolat Ktedonobacteria dengan kode K17-1, K17-2, K42, dan K44 berhasil diperoleh. Analisis filogenetik menunjukkan bahwa keseluruhan isolat merupakan anggota kelas Ktedonobacteria dan berada dalam satu grup dengan type strain Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T. Namun demikian, persentase homologi sequence gen 16S rRNA keempat isolat menunjukkan nilai yang rendah terhadap type strain Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T, yaitu 97.16 -- 98.02%. Berdasarkan nilai tersebut, keempat isolat yang diperoleh diduga merupakan spesies baru. Hasil analisis dengan software QIIME2 menunjukkan bahwa sampel tanah yang digunakan memiliki nilai indeks keanekaragaman bakteri yang tinggi, dengan nilai sebagai berikut: 6,49 (Shannon-Winner); 0,98 (Simpson); 177 (Chao1); dan 117 (Ace). Filum Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria dan Bacteriodetes, merupakan tiga filum dengan persentase paling besar pada sampel tanah, dengan nilai persentase masing-masing 44%, 25%, dan 9%. Kelas Ktedonobacteria pada filum Chloroflexi memiliki persentase yang sangat rendah, yaitu 1,89%. Namun demikian, analisis filogenetik data amplikon (culture-independent) menunjukkan bahwa Ktedonobacteria yang terdapat pada sampel tanah tersebar dalam 5 grup, yang seluruhnya mengindikasikan taksa baru. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa metode culture-dependent hanya berhasil menemukan satu dari lima grup Ktedonobacteria yang berhasil dideteksi menggunakan metode culture-independent.

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The study aims to determine the diversity of Ktedonobacteria from forest soil samples around the Cisolok Geiser, West Java with culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Bacterial isolation using Reasoner's 2A (10%) medium with 2% gellan gum, cycloheximide, and sodium azide. Incubation was carried out at 30 oC for three weeks. Amplification of 16S rRNA gene of bacterial isolates performed using Ktedonobacteria specific primers (primers 161F and 941R), and universal bacterial primers (9F and 1510R). The identity of bacterial isolates was obtained based on full 16S rRNA gene sequence data through a homology search on EZBioCloud (www.ezbiocloud.net). The phylogenetic analysis was performed by Neighbor-Joining, Maximum Evolution, and Maximum Likelihood methods. Analysis of Ktedonobacteria diversity using Next-Generation Sequencing based on partial sequence data (variable regions V1 -- V3) of the 16S rRNA gene. Analysis of bacterial taxonomy composition data and diversity index was conducted using QIIME2 software. Four isolates of Ktedonobacteria, namely K17-1, K17-2, K42, and K44, were successfully obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all isolates were members of the class Ktedonobacteria and were in the same group as Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T. However, the percentage of homology of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the four isolates showed a low value on the type strain of Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T, which accounted for 97.16 -- 98.02%. Based on these values, the four isolates obtained probably belonged to the new species. The results of the analysis with QIIME2 software showed that the soil samples had high bacterial diversity index values, with the following values: 6,49 (Shannon-Winner); 0,98 (Simpson); 177 (Chao1); and 117 (Ace). Phylum Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteriodetes are the three phyla with the largest percentage in soil samples, with percentage values of 44%, 25%, and 9%, respectively. Whereas the class Ktedonobacteria in the phylum Chloroflexi has a very low percentage, which is 1.89%. However, phylogenetic analysis of the amplicon data (culture-independent) showed that Ktedonobacteria found in soil samples distributed into five groups, indicating new taxa. In this study, culture-dependent methods found only one of the five groups of Ktedonobacteria that detected using the culture-independent method."