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"Dalam rangka pencarian aktivitas antimikroba dari aktinomycetes di Papua, sebanyak seratus isolat Actinomycetes yang berasal dari tanah dan serasah dari beberapa ekosistem di Pulau Batanta dan Salawati, Papua Barat telah diuji. Sebanyak 200 ekstrak dari 100 isolat Actinomycetes telah diperoleh melalui dua tahap ekstraksi. Metabolit non polar diekstraksi menggunakan pelarut etil asetat : metanol (4:1), sedangkan metabolit polar diperoleh dari pemekatan medium menggunakan metode kering beku. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian menggunakan metode difusi agar, sebanyak 43 dari 200 ekstrak (21,5%) memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap bakteri dan khamir (Escherichia coli NBRC 14237, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 3134, Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 13276, Micrococcus luteus NBRC 1367, Candida albicans NBRC 1594, dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae NBRC 10217). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beberapa ekstrak Actinomycetes memiliki aktivitas anti bakteri gram negatif (1,5%), anti bakteri gram positif (17%), dan anti fungi (17%). Metabolit yang diekstraksi dengan pelarut etil asetat : metanol lebih aktif (35%) dibandingkan dengan pelarut air (17%). Sebanyak lima isolat yang memiliki aktivitas antimikroba tertinggi (BL-13-5, BL-06-5, BL-14-2, BL-22-3, dan Sl-36-1) diidentifikasi berdasarkan data sekuen gen 16S rRNA. Berdasarkan hasil pencarian homologi dengan program BLAST, diperoleh homologi spesies berturut-turut adalah Streptomyces kanamyceticus (92%), Streptomyces verne (92%), Streptomyces narbonensis (92%), Streptomyces malachitofuscus (98%), dan Streptomyces hygroscopicus (96%).

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In the framework of exploitation of antimicrobial activity of Actinomycetes in Papua, one hundred isolates of Actinomycetes isolated from soil and leaf litter samples from various ecosystems in Batanta and Salawati Island, Raja Ampat, West Papua were screened. We obtained 200 crude extracts from 100 isolates based on two extraction phases. Nonpolar metabolites were extracted by ethyl acetate : methanol (4:1) solvent while the polar metabolites were concentrated using a freeze-drying method. Based on the agar dilution method, a total of 43 from 200(21.5%) crude extracts have antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts (Escherichia coli NBRC 14237, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 3134, Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 13276, Micrococcus luteus NBRC 1367, Candida albicans NBRC 1594 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae NBRC 10217). Some crude extracts showed anti-Gram negative (1.5%), anti-Gram positive (17%) and antifungal (17%) activities. Crude metabolites which were extracted using ethyl acetate : methanol were more effective on antimicrobial activity (35%) compared with water extraction (17%). Five most potential isolates (BL-13-5, BL-06-5, BL-14-2, BL-22-3, and Sl-36-1) were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data. Sequence similarity search by BLAST program revealed that they show sequence similarities to Streptomyces kanamyceticus (92%), Streptomyces verne (92%), Streptomyces narbonensis (92%), Streptomyces malachitofuscus (98%), and Streptomyces hygroscopicus (96%), respectively."

"Film bionanokomposit kitosan/Na-MMT/glutaraldehid (GLA) telah berhasil disintesis dengan metode solvent casting. Selain itu, uji aktivitas antimikroba dengan bakteri S. aureus dan Salmonella juga telah dilakukan. Terdapat tiga tahapan dalam melakukan sintesis. Tahapan pertama adalah Sintesis serbuk Bionanokompoit dengan metode presipitasi lalu tahapan selanjutnya serbuk bionanokomposit digunakan untuk pembuatan Film berbasis kitosan sehingga terbentuk Film Bionanokomposit Na-MMT/Kitosan/GLA. Selain itu juga dilakukan variasi penambahan material pada permbuatan serbuk bionanokomposit yaitu penambahan kitosan (0,5; 1; 2; 3 ;4 gram), variasi penambahan Na-MMT (0,5; 1; 2; 3 ;4 gram) terhadap 10 mL GLA dan variasi Na-MMT berbanding kitosan terhadap GLA masing-masing yaitu; (0,5:2,5); (1:2); (1,5:1,5); (2:1); (2,5:0,5) gram. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan berupa FTIR, XRD, TEM, uji kelarutan dalam air dan uji aktivitas antibakteri. Karakterisasi FTIR memberikan indikasi interaksi GLA dengan kitosan ditunjukkan adanya puncak pada bilangan gelombang 1613 cm-1 dan interaksi Kitosan dengan Na-MMT oleh munculnya regangan (C=N) pada bilang gelombang 1613 cm-1. Selain itu, karakterisasi XRD pada serbuk bionanokomposit menunjukkan pergeseran nilai basal spacing pada Na-MMT. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa GLA telah berhasil melakukan interkalasi terhadap Na-MMT dan menjadikan sifat hidrofilik dari Na-MMT menjadi organofilik. Sebagai pendukung data pada karakterisasi XRD, karakterisasi TEM memperlihatkan layer Na-MMT yang telah terinterkalasi. Uji kelarutan dalam air yang telah dilakukan memperlihatkan penyusutan bionanokomposit terkecil sebesar 9,19 % dari berat semula yaitu kitosan film dengan persen kelarutan dalam air yaitu sebesar 23,44%. Selain itu, uji aktivitas antibakteri memberikan nilai zona hambat paling besar yaitu 15,5 mm pada bakteri Salmonellla sp dan 8,5 mm pada bakteri S aureus setelah inkubasi 48 jam.

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In this study, the solvent casting method was used to successfully produce a chitosan/Na-MMT/glutaraldehyde (GLA) bionanocomposite film. Antimicrobial activity studies also performed. The microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella were also tested. In the synthesis, there are three steps. The initial stage is to make bionanocomposite powder using the precipitation method, followed by bionanocomposite preparation. Then the next step is the bionanocomposite powder used to manufacture chitosan-based films to form a Na-MMT/chitosan/GLA bionanocomposite film. In addition, variations in the addition of materials to the manufacture of bionanocomposite powders were carried out, namely the addition of chitosan (0.5; 1; 2; 3 ;4 grams), variations in the addition of Na-MMT (0.5; 1; 2; 3 ;4 grams) to 10 mL of GLA and variation of Na-MMT versus chitosan to GLA, respectively; (0,5:2,5); (1:2); (1,5:1,5); (2:1); (2.5:0.5) grams. Characterization carried out in the form of FTIR, XRD, TEM, water solubility test and antibacterial activity test. The FTIR characterization gave an indication of the interaction of GLA with chitosan indicated by the peak at wave number 1613 cm-1 and the interaction of Chitosan with Na-MMT by the appearance of streching (C=N) at wave number 1613 cm-1. In addition, the XRD characterization of the bionanocomposite powder showed a shift in the basal spacing value of Na-MMT. This indicates that GLA has successfully intercalated Na-MMT and made the hydrophilic nature of Na-MMT organophilic. To support the data on XRD characterization, TEM characterization shows the intercalated Na-MMT layer. The water solubility test that has been carried out shows the smallest shrinkage of the bionanocomposite of 9.19% from its initial weight, namely chitosan film with a percent solubility in water of 23.44%. In addition, the antibacterial activity test gave the greatest inhibition zone value, namely 15.5 mm for Salmonella sp and 8.5 mm for S aureus after 48 hours of incubation."

"Resistensi antimikroba adalah salah satu masalah utama yang dihadapi oleh berbagai sektor, dimana masalah ini mengancam efektivitas dari upaya pencegahan dan pengobatan dari penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi mikroba sehingga diperlukan adanya strategi baru untuk mengatasi masalah ini. Salah satu molekul yang secara aktif dipelajari dan dipertimbangkan sebagai strategi alternatif adalah peptida antimikroba yang diproduksi secara alami oleh bakteri yang disebut bakteriosin, terutama yang dihasilkan oleh kelompok Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengonfirmasi dan mengkarakterisasi bakteriosin dua peptida unik dalam kelas IIb yang diproduksi oleh Streptococcus macedonicus MBF10-2 dengan pendekatan in silico dan konfirmasi sekuens DNA penyandi nonlantibiotiknya. DNA genomik bakteri diesktraksi dari hasil kultur dan gen penyandi nonlantibiotik disekuens dengan metode Sanger. Hasil sekuens dibandingkan dengan sekuens gen penyandi nonlantibiotik hasil Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) untuk mendeteksi keberadaan mutasi pada sekuens DNA dan asam amino yang dihasilkan. Sekuens asam amino dari kedua peptida kemudian dilakukan pemodelan menggunakan metode de novo, saling ditambatkan, dan divisualisasikan untuk melihat ikatan dan interaksi yang terbentuk. Hasil penambatan Sm1 dengan Sm2 menunjukkan terbentuknya interaksi pada motif A25xxxA29 dan A29xxxG33 dari Sm1, serta S11xxxA15 dan A38xxxA42­ dari Sm2. Penambatan kedua peptida dengan sesamanya menunjukkan terbentuknya interaksi di residu Ala-19, motif G8xxxG12, dan motif A25xxxA29 pada Sm1, serta residu Ala-42, Gly-16, dan motif S11xxxA15 pada Sm2 sehingga diprediksi peptida tunggal sudah memiliki aktivitas inhibisi. Prediksi ini perlu ditelusuri lebih lanjut dengan uji in vitro.

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Antimicrobial resistance is one of the urgent and growing problems that many sectors are facing which threatens the effectivity of preventive and curative effort on treating diseases caused by microbial infection, thus posing the need to discover a novel strategy in order to tackle the problem. One potential molecule currently being actively studied and considered to be an alternative strategy is an antimicrobial peptide naturally produced by bacteria called bacteriocin, especially those produced by the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) group. This study aims to identify and characterize a unique two-peptide bacteriocin within the class IIb bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus macedonicus MBF10-2 through in silico approach and confirmation of its coding DNA. The bacteria’s genomic DNA was extracted from culture and its bacteriocin-coding DNA was sequenced with Sanger Sequencing method. The sequence result was then compared with the initial Whole Genome Sequencing result to detect any mutation in the DNA and its translated amino acid sequence. The amino acid sequence of the two peptides were then modeled with de novo method, docked with each other, and visualized to see the bonds and interactions formed. The docking result showed interactions within the A25xxxA29 and A­29xxxG33 motifs of Sm1 and the S11xxxA15 and A38xxxA42 motifs of Sm2. Docking of each peptide with its own showed interactions in Ala-19, the G8xxxG12 and A25xxxA29 motifs of Sm1 and Ala-42, Gly-16, and the S11xxxA15 motif of Sm2. These interactions pose the possibility that a single peptide might have an inhibition activity of some degree when working on its own. This possibility should be investigated further through an in vitro test."

"Senyawa turunan quinoxaline merupakan senyawa heterosiklik yang memiliki beberapa aktivitas biologis seperti antimikroba. Penelitian ini menggunakan variasi senyawa isatin. Isatin dilakukan modifikasi dengan menambahkan klor kedalam cincin benzena. Klorinasi isatin yang dihasilkan adalah senyawa 5-kloroisatin dan 5,7-dikloroisatin dengan massa masing-masing sebesar 1,692 dan 1,905 gram. Senyawa hasil klorinasi isatin telah dikonfirmasi senyawanya dengan identifikasi menggunakan KLT serta uji titik leleh, dan telah dikarakterisasi menggunakan instrumentasi FTIR dan UV-Vis. Senyawa hasil klorinasi digunakan kembali untuk direaksikan melalui reaksi kondensasi dengan o-fenilindiamin untuk membentuk senyawa turunan quinoxaline. Pada penelitian ini juga menggunakan nanopartikel TiO2 sebagai katalis yang dapat meningkatkan yield produk yang terbentuk. Nanopartikel TiO2 disintesis secara hidrotermal dari serbuk TiO2. Nanopartikel TiO2 yang terbentuk telah dikonfirmasi senyawanya dengan karakterisasi menggunakan XRD, TEM dan FTIR. Produk turunan quinoxaline yang terbentuk telah dikonfirmasi senyawanya dengan identifikasi menggunakan KLT dan uji titik leleh serta karakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, UV-Vis dan LCMS. Massa yang dihasilkan dari senyawa turunan quinoxaline 1 sebesar 0,0834 gram, senyawa turunan quinoxaline 2 sebesar 0,0626 gram dan senyawa turunan quinoxaline 3 sebesar 0,036 gram. Pada penelitian ini juga telah diuji aktivitas antimikroba dari senyawa turunan quinoxaline yang dihasilkan. Pengujian aktivitas antimikroba digunakan metode difusi dengan menggunakan bakteri S.aureus dan E.coli, Senyawa turunan quinoxaline memiliki sifat antimikroba yang baik.

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Quinoxaline derivatives are heterocyclic compounds that have several biological activities such as antimicrobials. This study uses a variety of isatin compounds. Isatin was modified by adding chlorine to the benzene ring. The chlorinated isatin produced was 5-chloroisatin and 5,7-dichloroisatin with a mass of 1.692 and 1.905 grams, respectively. The compounds resulting from isatin chlorination have been confirmed by identification using TLC and melting point test and have been characterized using FTIR and UV-Vis instrumentation. The chlorinated compounds were reused to be reacted by condensation reactions with o-phenylindiamine to form quinoxaline derivatives. This research also uses TiO2 nanoparticles as a catalyst that can increase the yield of the product formed. TiO2 nanoparticles were hydrothermally synthesized from TiO2 powder. The compound TiO2 nanoparticles formed were confirmed by characterization using XRD, TEM and FTIR. The compound quinoxaline derivatives formed were confirmed by identification using TLC and melting point test and characterization using FTIR, UV-Vis and LCMS. The mass of the quinoxaline 1 derivative was 0.0834 gram, the quinoxaline 2 derivative was 0.0626 gram and the quinoxaline 3 derivative was 0.036 gram. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of the quinoxaline derivative compounds produced was also tested. The antimicrobial activity test used the diffusion method using S. aureus and E. coli bacteria. Quinoxaline derivative compounds have good antimicrobial properties."

"The antimicrobial properties of bagasse paper sheets coated with natural polymers (chitosan, different ratios of (gelatin/glycerol) + chitosan, hemicellulose, hemicellulose + glycerol, hemicellulose+chitosan) or synthetic organophosphorus dimer compounds were evaluated in this work. Hemicelluloses showed moderate activity against Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans, while chitosan showed weak activity against B. subtilis. The condition that offered the highest inhibitory activity of bagasse paper was the one coated with 1,3-diaryl-2,2,2,4,4,4 hexachlorocyclodiphosph(V)azane (where aryl is p-chloroaniline or p-anisidine). The developed bagasse papers were evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. The highest inhibitory activity was obtained at a concentration of 200 mg/mL for p-chloroaniline with an inhibition zone that varied for different microbes from 6.9 mm to 26 mm. The highest inhibitory activity was obtained at 300–250 mg/mL for p-anisidine against most of the pathogenic microorganisms with an inhibition zone that varied for different microbes from 8 mm to 14.75 mm. The observed antimicrobial and antifungal activity properties for bagasse paper coated with 1,3-diaryl 2,2,2,4,4,4-hexachlorocyclodiphosph(V)azane could be attributed to the presence of Cl, P atoms, and the lone pair of electrons on N atoms in the structure of the dimers."

"The antimicrobial properties of bagasse paper sheets coated with natural polymers (chitosan, different ratios of (gelatin/glycerol) + chitosan, hemicellulose, hemicellulose + glycerol, hemicellulose+chitosan) or synthetic organophosphorus dimer compounds were evaluated in this work. Hemicelluloses showed moderate activity against Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans, while chitosan showed weak activity against B. subtilis. The condition that offered the highest inhibitory activity of bagasse paper was the one coated with 1,3-diaryl-2,2,2,4,4,4- hexachlorocyclodiphosph(V)azane (where aryl is p-chloroaniline or p-anisidine). The developed bagasse papers were evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. The highest inhibitory activity was obtained at a concentration of 200 mg/mL for p-chloroaniline with an inhibition zone that varied for different microbes from 6.9 mm to 26 mm. The highest inhibitory activity was obtained at 300–250 mg/mL for panisidine against most of the pathogenic microorganisms with an inhibition zone that varied for different microbes from 8 mm to 14.75 mm. The observed antimicrobial and antifungal activity properties for bagasse paper coated with 1,3-diaryl 2,2,2,4,4,4 hexachlorocyclodiphosph(V)azane could be attributed to the presence of Cl, P atoms, and the lone pair of electrons on N atoms in the structure of the dimers."

"Asam oleat merupakan salah satu asam lemak yang terbukti memiliki aktivitas antimikroba. Modifikasi gugus fungsi pada asam lemak dapat meningkatkan aktivitas antimikroba. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini memodifikasi asam oleat menjadi lipoamida menggunakan tiga tahap: esterifikasi, hidrasi, dan amidasi. Produk yang disintesis diidentifikasi menggunakan metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT), dan karakterisasi asam oleat, metil oleat, metil oleat terhidrasi, dan sintesis lipoamida dilakukan menggunakan Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR). Puncak spektral senyawa lipoamida turunan oleat terhidrasi-etanolamina yang muncul pada bilangan gelombang 3311 cm-1 (N-H stretching) menunjukkan bahwa sintesis lipoamida berhasil. Lipoamida turunan oleat terhidrasi-etanolamina diuji untuk aktivitas antimikroba terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus menggunakan metode difusi cakram dan hasil tidak menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antimikroba terhadap kedua bakteri. Uji toksisitas lipoamida turunan oleat terhidrasi-etanolamina terhadap Daphnia magna yang diuji menggunakan metode uji toksisitas akut dan hasil uji memiliki nilai LC50 sebesar 107,87 ppm, yang tergolong toksik sedang berdasarkan indeks toksisitas Clarkson.

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Oleic acid is one of the fatty acids proven to have antimicrobial activity. Modifications of functional groups in fatty acids could increase antimicrobial activity. Therefore, this research modified oleic acid into lipoamide using three steps: esterification, hydration, and amidation. The synthesized products were identified using the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method, and characterization of oleic acid, methyl oleate, hydrated methyl oleate, and lipoamide synthesis was carried out using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR). The spectral peak of the hydrated oleic derivative lipoamide-ethanolamine at wave number 3311 cm-1 (N-H stretching) indicated that the lipoamide synthesis was successful. The hydrated oleic derivative lipoamide-ethanolamine was tested for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the disk diffusion method, and the results showed no antimicrobial activity against both bacteria. The toxicity test of the hydrated oleic derivative lipoamide-ethanolamine against Daphnia magna was tested using the acute toxicity test method, and the result had an LC50 value of 107.87 ppm, which is classified as moderately toxic based on Clarkson’s toxicity index."

"Senyawa derivat isatin termasuk ke dalam kelompok senyawa heterosiklik yang menunjukkan berbagai aktivitas biologis dan banyak digunakan sebagai prekusor dalam sintesis obat. Isatin dan derivatnya memiliki berbagai aktivitas biologis diantaranya sebagai antikonvulsan, antidiabetes, antikanker, antituberkolosis, antivirus, antioksidan dan antimikroba. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis derivat isatin menggunakan prekusor variasi aldehid aromatik (benzaldehida, 4-hidroksibenzaldehia dan sinamaldehid) dan variasi amina primer (anilin dan 4-nitroanilin) dengan bantuan katalis Fe(OTf)3. Katalis Fe(OTf)3 telah berhasil disintesis dengan adanya ion Fe3+ dan asam Lewis serta dikarakterisasi dengan spektroskopi FT-IR, XRD dan TEM. Hasil karakterisasi TEM menunjukkan bahwa logam Fe telah terdispersi pada cairan asam Lewis. Sintesis derivat senyawa isatin dilakukan pada kondisi optimum yaitu suhu 78°C dengan jumlah katalis 10% mol. Senyawa 1 (3-hidrazonoindolin-2-on) menghasilkan persen yield sebesar 89%, senyawa 2 (3-(benzilidenhidrazono)indolin-2-on) sebesar 78%, senyawa 3 (3-(2-(4-hidroksibenziliden)hidrazono)indolin-2-on) sebesar 57%, senyawa 4 (3-((3-fenilalliliden)hidrazono)indolin-2-on) sebesar 77%, senyawa 5 (3-feniliminoindolin-2-one) sebesar 36%, senyawa 6 (3-(4-nitrofenilimino)indolin-2-on) sebesar 44 % dan senyawa 7 (kompleks ligan campuran Cu) sebesar 62%. Senyawa yang terbentuk dikonfirmasi menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis, uji titik leleh, spektroskopi FT-IR, spektrofotometer UV-Vis dan LC-MS. Hasil karakterisasi dari senyawa hasil sintesis tidak menunjukkan kemurnian yang baik, sehingga persen yield yang ditampilkan merupakan masa campuran, serta senyawa 3 dan senyawa 7 yang belum berhasil terbentuk. Sebagai lanjutan dari penelitian ini, senyawa hasil sintesis diamati potensi bioaktivitasnya sebagai antimikoroba pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli menggunakan metode difusi. Derivat senyawa isatin yang memiliki aktivitas antimikroba yang paling baik adalah senyawa 7 dengan luas zona hambat sebesar 9 mm.

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Isatin derived compounds belong to a group of heterocyclic compounds that exhibit various biological activities and are widely used as precursors in drug synthesis. Isatin and its derivatives have various biological activities such as anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, anticancer, antituberculosis, antiviral, antioxidant and antimicrobial. This study aims to synthesize isatin derivatives using various aromatic aldehyde precursors (benzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzaldehia and cinnamaldehyde) and primary amine variations (aniline and 4-nitroaniline) with the help of Fe(OTf)3 catalyst. Fe(OTf)3 catalyst has been successfully synthesized in the presence of Fe3+ ions and Lewis acid and characterized by FT-IR, XRD and TEM spectroscopy. The results of TEM characterization showed that Fe metal had been dispersed in Lewis acid liquid. The synthesis of isatin derivatives was carried out at the optimum condition, which is 78°C with 10% mole of catalyst. Compound 1 (3-hydrazonoindoline-2-one) yielded 89% yield percent, compound 2 (3-(benzylidenhydrazono)indoline-2-one) was 78%, compound 3 (3-(2-(4-hydroxybenzyliden)hydrazonone)indoline-2-one) by 57%, compound 4 (3-((3-phenylalliliden)hydrazono)indoline-2-one) by 77%, compound 5 (3-phenyliminoindoline-2-one) by 36%, compound 6 (3-(4-nitrophenilimino)indoline-2-one) was 44% and compound 7 (Cu mixed ligand complex) was 62%. The compounds were confirmed using thin layer chromatography, melting point test, FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrophotometer and LC-MS. The results of the characterization of the synthesized compounds did not show good purity, so the percentage of the results displayed was the mass of the mixture, as well as compounds 3 and 7 that had not yet been formed. As a continuation of this research, the synthesized compounds were observed for their potential bioactivity as antimicrobials on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria using the diffusion method. The isatin derivative which has the best antimicrobial activity is compound 7 with an inhibitory zone of 9 mm."

"Bakteri resisten antibiotika (Antimicrobial resistance, AMR) adalah salah satu dari 10 permasalahan kesehatan masyarakat global teratas. Di Indonesia, sedikit yang mengetahui tentang prevalensi E. coli penghasil Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) di lingkungan dapat meningkatkan risiko kontaminasi sumber air tanah karena potensi kolonisasi yang cepat melalui mekanisme horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui signifikansi variasi musim dalam pencemaran AMR, mengetahui jumlah AMR pada sumber fekal, menganalisis korelasi AMR dengan air tanah setempat, dan mengidentifikasi strategi pencegahannya. Studi validasi dengan modifikasi IDEXX Tray telah dilakukan untuk menguji dugaan E. coli penghasil ESBL (AMR E. coli) pada musim hujan (Maret 2020). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 33,3% (n=60) sampel air tanah positif resisten terhadap antibiotika sefotaksim. Pada penelitian musim kemarau ini, 22,2% (n=54) sampel air tanah positif resistensi antibiotika sefotaksim dengan uji perbandingan variasi musiman menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan pada cemaran E. coli (p-value 0,045), tetapi tidak pada cemaran AMR E. coli (p-value 0,234). Pada perbandingan sumber air yang sama di kedua musim (n=45) didapatkan kontaminasi AMR di musim hujan juga lebih tinggi (33,3%) dibandingkan dengan musim kemarau (26,7%). Namun pada uji statistik berpasangan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan hasil nilai AMR di kedua musim. Uji AMR E. coli pada sumber fekal menunjukkan rata-rata jumlah AMR E. coli pada feses ayam adalah 4,36 x 106 MPN/100 mL sedangkan pada efluen tangki septik sebanyak 5,23 x 105 MPN/100 mL. Jika dibandingkan hanya pada sumber air yang menggunakan sumber air lokal (n=34), 8 dari 10 sampel yang positif AMR E. coli menggunakan tipe sanitasi setempat dan 4 dari 10 sampel yang positif AMR E. coli memiliki hewan ternak. Hubungan korelasi pencemaran AMR E. coli pada sumber air dianalisis berdasarkan faktor penggunaan sanitasi setempat dan kepemilikan hewan. Hasilnya didapatkan korelasi yang signifikan (p-value 0,041) karena penggunaan sanitasi setempat tetapi tidak ada hubungan antara kepemilikan ternak (p-value 0,891). Oleh karena itu, diperlukan strategi pengelolaan yang difokuskan pada pengurangan E. coli pada sumbernya untuk mendukung penyediaan air yang aman khususnya dari fenomena AMR di lingkungan.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the top 10 global public health problems. In Indonesia, little is known about the prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli in the environment increases the risk of contamination of groundwater sources because of the potential for rapid colonization due to the potential for rapid colonization through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mechanisms. This study aims to determine the significance of seasonal variations in AMR contamination, determine the amount of AMR in faecal sources, analyze the correlation of AMR with local groundwater, and identify prevention strategies. A validation study with a modified IDEXX tray has been carried out to test the suspicion of ESBL-producing E. coli (AMR E. coli) in the rainy season (March 2020). The results showed that 33.3% (n=60) of the groundwater samples were positive for resistance to the antibiotic cefotaxime. In this dry season, 22.2% (n=54) of groundwater samples is positive for cefotaxime antibiotic resistance. The comparison test of seasonal variation showed a significant difference in E. coli contamination (p-value 0.045), but not in AMR E. coli (p-value 0.234). Comparing to the same water source in both seasons (n=45), it was found that AMR contamination in the rainy season was also higher (33.3%) compared to the dry season (26.7%). However, in the paired statistical test there was no significant difference in the results of the AMR values ​​in the two seasons. The AMR E. coli test on faecal sources showed that the average amount of AMR E. coli in chicken faeces was 4.36 x 106 MPN/100 mL, while in the septic tank effluent it was 5.23 x 105 MPN/100 mL. When compared only to water sources using local water sources (n=34), 8 out of 10 samples positive for AMR E. coli used local sanitation types and 4 out of 10 samples positive for AMR E. coli owned livestock. The correlation between AMR E. coli contamination in water sources was analyzed based on factors of local sanitation use and animal ownership. The results obtained a significant correlation (p-value 0.041) due to the use of local sanitation but no relationship between livestock ownership (p-value 0.891). Therefore, a management strategy is needed that focuses on reducing E. coli at the source to support the provision of safe water, especially from the AMR phenomenon in the environment."