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"Kelas Ktedonobacteria dari filum Chloroflexi terdiri atas sejumlah besar taksa yang tidak dapat dikultur, klona-klona gen 16S rRNA yang berasal dari lingkungan, dan sejumlah kecil taksa yang dapat dikultur. Tulisan ini mengulas temuan terakhir mengenai taksonomi dan ekologi kelas Ktedonobacteria dari filum Chloroflexi berdasarkan karateristik yang ditemukan pada biakan Ktedonobacteria dan analisis molekuler. Sejauh ini, mikroorganisme yang telah dikarakterisasi mencakup empat spesies dari tiga marga, yaitu Ktedonobacter, Thermosporothrix, dan Thermogemmatispora. Ketiga marga tersebut diusulkan untuk mewakili tiga famili, yaitu Ktedonobacteraceae, Thermosporotricaceae, dan Thermogemmatisporaceae, dan dua bangsa, Ktedonobacterales dan Thermogemmatisporales. Strain-strain Ktedonobacteria memiliki ciri-ciri umum gram-positif, bersifat aerob, menghasilkan hifa vegetatif yang bercabang, dan membentuk spora dengan cara pertunasan.

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The clas Ktedonobacteria in the phylum Chloroflexi is known to contain a large number of uncultured, environmental 16S rRNA gene clones, and cultured representatives are alimited number. In this review, recent findings on the taxonomical and ecological significance of the class Ktedonobacteria in the phylum Chloroflexi are discussed based on the findings from both the characteristics of the cultured Ktedonobacteria and molecular-based analysis. The microorganisms characterized so far include four species in three genera, Ktedonobacter, Thermosporothrix and Thermogemmatispora , and were proposed to represent three families, Ktedonobacteraceae, Thermosporotricaceae, and Thermogemmatisporaceae, and two orders, Ktedonobacterales and Thermogemmatisporales. Ktedonobacteria strains showed a common property of gram-positive, aerobic organisms that produce branched vegetative mycelia and form spores by budding."

"Pendahuluan: Peningkatan resistensi antibiotik global menjadikan kolistin sebagai pilihan terapi untuk infeksi bakteri pandrug resistant (PDR). Namun, karena efek nefrotoksiknya, pemilihan kolistin harus dilakukan secara hati-hati setelah diperoleh hasil uji kepekaannya. Sifat molekul kolistin yang kompleks menyebabkan uji kepekaan tidak dapat dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram atau mesin otomatis yang tersedia, sehingga diperlukan metode lain yang praktis dan dengan hasil yang baik.Metode: Sebanyak 120 isolat bakteri Gram negatif, terdiri dari Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, masing-masing berjumlah 30 isolat diuji kepekaannya terhadap kolistin. Metode uji menggunakan media CHROMagar Col-APSE dan sebagai baku emas digunakan metode broth microdilution (BMD). Hasil uji kepekaan dianalisis untuk mendapatkan sensitivitas, spesifisitas, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio serta akurasi.Hasil: Ditemukan sebanyak 20 isolat yang resisten terhadap kolistin dari 120 isolat yang diuji pada media CHROMagar Col-APSE. Diantara 20 isolat yang resisten kolistin tersebut, hanya 10 isolat yang resisten kolistin pada uji kepekaan dengan metode BMD. Didapatkan nilai sensitivitas 100% (95% CI, 72,25 – 100), spesifisitas 90,91% (95% CI, 84,07 – 94,9), Positive Predictive Value (PPV) 50% (95% CI, 29,93 – 70,07), Negative Predictive Value 100% (95% CI, 96,3 – 100), positive likelihood ratio 11 (95% CI, 9,04 – 13,38), negative likelihood ratio 0 (95% CI 0), dan nilai akurasi diagnostik 91.67% (95%CI, 85.34 – 95.41).Kesimpulan: Uji kepekaan bakteri Gram negatif terhadap kolistin dapat dilakukan menggunakan CHROMagar Col-APSE, dengan interpretasi dengan hati-hati. Bila hasil uji kepekaan bakteri Gram negatif terhadap kolistin ditemukan resisten berdasarkan CHROMagar Col-APSE, maka hasil tersebut perlu dikonfirmasi lebih lanjut menggunakan metode BMD.

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Introduction: The global increase in antibiotic resistance has made colistin a therapeutic option for infections caused by pandrug-resistant (PDR) bacteria. However, due to its nephrotoxic effects, the use of colistin must be administered carefully after susceptibility test results are obtained. The complex molecular structure of colistin renders susceptibility testing unsuitable using the disc diffusion method or automated systems. Therefore, alternative methods that are both practical and capable of delivering accurate and reliable results are required.

Methods: A total of 120 Gram-negative bacterial isolates, consisting of Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a total of 30 isolates were tested for susceptibility to colistin. The susceptibility testing was conducted using CHROMagar Col-APSE, with the broth microdilution (BMD) method serving as the gold standard. The results were analyzed to determine sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and accuracy.

Results: A total of 20 colistin resistant isolates were identified out of 120 isolates tested on CHROMagar Col-APSE. Among these, only 10 isolates were confirmed as colistin-resistant by the broth microdilution (BMD) method. The analysis yielded a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 72.25–100), specificity of 90.91% (95% CI, 84.07–94.9), positive predictive value (PPV) of 50% (95% CI, 29.93–70.07), negative predictive value (NPV) of 100% (95% CI, 96.3–100), positive likelihood ratio of 11 (95% CI, 9.04–13.38), negative likelihood ratio of 0 (95% CI, 0), and diagnostic accuracy of 91.67% (95% CI, 85.34–95.41).

Conclusion: Colistin susceptibility testing for Gram-negative bacteria can be performed using CHROMagar Col-APSE, with careful interpretation. When colistin resistance is detected in Gram-negative bacteria based on CHROMagar Col-APSE results, these findings should be further confirmed using the broth microdilution (BMD) method."

"Latar belakang: Metode loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) merupakan metode sederhana yang dapat mengamplifikasi DNA/RNA menggunakan empat sampai dengan enam primer dalam bentuk ?pasangan? dari sekuens conserved gen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimasi LAMP dalam menegakkan diagnosis kasus TB di Indonesia.Metode: Setelah uji optimasi, metode LAMP kemudian diujikan pada 122 DNA Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) sampel tersimpan, yang merupakan spesimen sputum pasien TB dengan BTA positif yang dikumpulkan dari 13 provinsi di Indonesia pada tahun 2008 untuk studi genotipe dan merupakan koleksi Pusat Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan (PBTDK), Balitbangkes. Uji optimasi meliputi uji sensitifitas dan uji spesifisitas sejumlah pasangan primer LAMP terhadap larutan serial DNA Mtb H37Rv dan 12 spesies Mycobacteria. Uji LAMP dilakukan menggunakan tiga jenis instrumen yaitu LAMP turbidemeter, pelat pemanas dan penangas air. Hasil pengujian beberapa pasang primer dan instrument ini kemudian diterapkan untuk uji LAMP pada isolat spesimen klinik Indonesia, yaitu menggunakan pasangan primer dari gen gyrB, Hasil amplifikasi dideteksi dengan lampu UV.Hasil: Uji sensitivitas menunjukkan bahwa pasangan primer gen 16S rRNA dan gyrB memberikan hasil terbaik yaitu mampu mendeteksi 10.0 fg - 1.0 pg genomik DNA Mtb H37Rv. Uji spesifisitas menunjukkan bahwa pasangan primer gen gyrB merupakan pasangan primer paling spesifik. Hasil pengujian pasangan primer gyrB pada isolat klinis Indonesia didapatkan positivity rate 94,2% (114/121).Kesimpulan: Metode LAMP berpotensi untuk digunakan dalam diagnosis kasus TB di Indonesia.

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AbstractBackground: Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a method already claimed as a simple technique to amplify DNA/ RNA using four to six primers as ?a set? from conserved sequence of target gene. In this study we optimize the use of LAMP for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical isolates from Indonesia.Methods: Procedures to perform LAMP were optimized, then the method was applied to 122 archieved samples of DNA?s Mtb from clinical TB patients with Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) smears positive. The samples were obtained in 2008 from 13 provinces in Indonesia for genotyping study, which then become collections of Center for Biomedical and Basic Technology of Health (CBBTH), NIHRD Indonesia. The optimization tests include sensitivity and specificity tests of several sets primers, which were evaluated using 10-fold serially diluted DNA of Mtb H37Rv and 12 species of Mycobacteria. Three equipments consisted of LAMP turbidimeter, heating block and water bath were compared for its ability in DNA amplification. Detection of M. tuberculosis from clinical isolates used set primers specific for gyrB gene, amplicon was detected with UV fluorescence system.Results: The results showed that the highest sensitivity was obtained using the set primers specific for 16S rRNA and gyrB which could detect 10.0 fg to 1.0 pg genomic DNA of Mtb H37Rv. The set primers specific for gyrB gene was the most specific primers. Application of LAMP using gyrB set primers on Indonesian clinical isolates showed 94.2% (114/121) positivity rate.Conclusion: LAMP method is potentially used in TB diagnosis in Indonesia."

"Tujuan Uji biokimia untuk identifikasi Candida spp. memakan waktu dan menunjukkan hasil yang tidak dapat ditentukan. Metoda deteksi spesifik untuk antibodi, antigen dan metabolit Candida spp. memiliki sensitivitas dan spesifisitas yang rendah. Pada penelitian ini kami mengembangkan metoda diagnostik cepat, Uji Reaksi Rantai Polimerasa Multipleks (Multiplex-PCR) assay untuk identifikasi Candida spp. Metode Lima isolate Candida spp. dibiak, iidentifikasi menggunakan uji germ tub, dan kit API® 20 C AUX (BioMerieux®SA). Selanjutnya, DNA dipurifikasi dengan kit QIAamp DNA mini (Qiagen®) untuk uji Multiplex-PCR. Hasil Batas deteksi DNA dengan uji Multiplex-PCR assay dari C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. arapsilosis, C. krusei dan C. glabrata berturut-turut adalah 4 pg, 0,98 pg, 0,98 pg, 0,5 pg and 16 pg Uji ini lebih sensitif daripada biakan karena multiplex-PCR dapat mendeteksi 2.6-2.9 x 100 CFU/ml, sementara biakan hanya 2.6-2.9 x 102 CFU/ml. Kesimpulan Multiplex PCR menunjukkan sensitivitas yang lebih tinggi dari biakan. Uji ini dapat direkomendasikan sebagai uji yang sensitive dan spesifik untuk identifikasi Candida spp.

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AbstractAim Candida spp. infection commonly occur in immunocompromised patients. Biochemical assay for identification of Candida spp. is time-consuming and shows many undetermined results. Specific detection for antibody, antigen and metabolites of Candida spp. had low sensitivity and specifi city. In this study, we developed a rapid diagnostic method, Multiplex-PCR, to identify Candida spp. Methods Five Candida spp. isolates were cultured, identified with germ tube and API® 20 C AUX (BioMerieux® SA) kit. Furthermore, DNA was purifi ed by QIAamp DNA mini (Qiagen®) kit for Multiplex-PCR assay. Result DNA detection limit by Multiplex-PCR assays for C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei and C. glabrata were 4 pg, 0,98 pg, 0,98 pg, 0,5 pg and 16 pg respectively. This assay was also more sensitive than culture in that Multiplex-PCR could detect 2.6-2.9 x 100 CFU/ml, whereas culture 2.6-2.9 x 102 CFU/ml Conclusion Multiplex-PCR is much more sensitive than culture and thus, can be recommended as a sensitive and specific assay for identifi cation of Candida spp."

"Dalam rangka mengukur kandungan vitamin B1, B2 dan B9 secara simultan dalam tepung terigu yang difortifikasi telah dikembangkan metoda yang cepat, selektif, akurat menggunakan kromatografi cair tandem triple quadrupole spektrometri massa (LC-MS/MS). Analisis dilakukan menggunakan tehnik ionisasi elektrospray (ESI) positive mode dan detektor MS-MS menggunakan multi reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Ion prekursor dan ion produk pada m/z 265 → 144 untuk vitamin B1, 377 → 243 untuk vitamin B2, dan 442 → 295 untuk vitamin B9 digunakan untuk identifikasi dan karakterisasi. Kinerja metoda yang dievaluasi adalah selektifitas, linearitas, rentang, akurasi, limit deteksi, limit kuantitasi. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan selektifitas yang baik, koefisien korelasi (r2) untuk vitamin B1, B2, B9 adalah 0.9986, 0.9999, 0.9988 dengan rentang konsentrasi 0,1 ? 200 ppb, limit deteksi (LOD) 3,10 (B1), 4,60 (B2), 7,0 (B9), μg/L, limit kuantitasi (LOQ) 10,0 (B1), 15,0 (B2), 23,0 (B9), μg/L dan akurasi 90,89 % (B1), 78,11 % (B2), 64,01 % (B9).

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In order to monitor the fortification level of vitamins B1, B2 dan B9 in wheat flours simoultansly, developed a selective, fast and accurate methods using the liquid Chromatography with tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique. The analysis was performed using electrospray ionization (ESI) tehnique with positive mode and the instrument was set in MRM (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) . Ion precursor and product was identified and characterized at m/z 265 → 144 for vitamin B1, 377 → 243 for vitamin B2, dan 442 → 295 for vitamin B9.

The methods performance was evaluated in regard to selectivity, linearity, range, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantitation. The statistical analysis of the result showed good selectivity, correlation coefficient (r2) 0.9986, 0.9999, 0.9988 vitamins B1, B2, B9 respectively, with the concentration range 0,1 ? 200 μg/L, limit of detection (LOD) 3,10 (B1), 4,60 (B2), 7,0 (B9), μg/L, limit of quantitaion (LOQ) 10,0 (B1), 15,0 (B2), 23,0 (B9), μg/L and accuracy 90,89 % (B1), 78,11 % (B2), 64,01 % (B9)."

""The founding objective of Koneman's Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology is to provide a clear exposition of procedures routinely employed in the laboratory identification of microbial agents causing infectious diseases"--Provided by publisher."

"Glycyrrhizae Succus dan air yang terdapat di dalamObat Batuk Hitam akan mempermudah tumbuhnya mila'oorganismesehingga Obat Batuk Hitam tidak bisa tahan lama. Telah di:lakukan perielitian stabilitas mil'obio1ogik Obat Batuk Hitam de=an pengawet NiDagin dan Asam Benzoat.Femeriksaan stabilitas milobiologik dilakukan de -ngan menghiturig jumlah miioo.anis1e total yang, terdaçatdi dalam Obat Batuk 1-litam den-an mempergunakan perbenihanAgar tripton soya. Untuk pemeriksaan bakteri patogen Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella..dan Staphylococcus aureusdigunakan perbenihan perbenihan Agar Endo, Agar EMB, AgarSalmonella Shigella dan perbenihan gula-gula.Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa Obat Batul: -Hitam dent--an pengawet Nipagin 0,1% ; 0,15% dan 02% sesu -dali enam bulan masih memenuhi syarat. Demikian juga Obat -Batuk Hitam dengan pengawet Asam Benzoat 0,05% ; 0,1% dan0,15% sesudah enambulan masih memenuhi syarat.

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The Glycyrrhizae Succus and water contained in Potio

Nigra Contra Tussim will make the microorganism's growth

easier, that cause Potio Nigra Contra Tussim unstable.There

fore the study to determine microbiological stability of Po

tio Nigra Contra Tussim with Ni pagin and Benzoic acid .• as

reservatives have been done.

The observation of microbiological stability carried

out by counting the total microorganism contained in Potio

Nigra Contra Tussim using Tryptic soya agar medium • To

observe patogeni.cmicrooranism such as Escherichia coli,

Salmonella, Shigella and Staphylococcus aureus, the media

Endo agar, EMB agar, Salmonella Shigella agax and sugars

media have been used.

The result obtained showed Potio Nira Contra Tussim

containing Nipagin 00% ; 0,15% and 0,2% after six month

still qualified.

The Potio Nigra Contra Tussim that contained Benzoic

acid 0,05% ; 00% and 0,15% after six month also give the

same result"

"Summary: This new 13th edition features the same comprehensive, authoritative content - and adds new and updated material throughout. The team of authors includes three well-respected clinical microbiologists, all of whom have experience both in the classroom and the clinical laboratory. A NEW section on clinical laboratory management. More case studies help to develop critical thinking skills, with answers in an appendix. More photos of the major organisms have been included to help in identifying different organisms."