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"This study is intended to simulate the river discharges in major watersheds of northwestern Java, Indonesia. The five largest watersheds are considered: Ciujung, Cisadane, Ciliwung,Citarum, and Cimanuk. The simulation period covers the 20thcentury and early 21st century,from January 1901 to June 2006, at a monthly time step. Discharge simulation was carried out using STREAM (Spatial Tools for River Basins and Environmental and Analysis ofManagement Option). The input data for the simulation are climate (precipitation and temperature), land cover and topographic data. Setup and analysis of input data are also part ofthis study. The Mann-Kendall test and linear regression were used to detect trends. Temperature datasets show statistically significant increasing trends for all periods and areas. Significantincreasing trends of precipitation occurred in the latest 16-year period (1990-2006) in hilly and middle areas. A positive trend of simulated discharge is seen in all watersheds and periods.They are only significant for Ciujung (periods of 1950-2006 and 1975-2006), Cisadane (periods of 1950-2006 and 1990-2006), and Ciliwung (periods of 1950-2006, 1975-2006, and 1990-2006). The most noteworthy trend is seen in the 1990-2006 period. Over the course of the 20th and early decade of the 21st century, monthly discharges have increased by 3% to 9%."

"This study is intended to simulate the river discharges in major watersheds of northwestern Java, Indonesia. The five largest watersheds are considered: Ciujung, Cisadane, Ciliwung, Citarum, and Cimanuk. The simulation period covers the 20th century and early 21st century, from January 1901 to June 2006, at a monthly time step. Discharge simulation was carried out using STREAM (Spatial Tools for River Basins and Environmental and Analysis of Management Option). The input data for the simulation are climate (precipitation and temperature), land cover and topographic data. Setup and analysis of input data are also part of this study. The Mann-Kendall test and linear regression were used to detect trends. Temperature datasets show statistically significant increasing trends for all periods and areas. Significant increasing trends of precipitation occurred in the latest 16-year period (1990-2006) in hilly and middle areas. A positive trend of simulated discharge is seen in all watersheds and periods. They are only significant for Ciujung (periods of 1950-2006 and 1975-2006), Cisadane (periods of 1950-2006 and 1990-2006), and Ciliwung (periods of 1950-2006, 1975-2006, and 1990- 2006). The most noteworthy trend is seen in the 1990-2006 period. Over the course of the 20th and early decade of the 21st century, monthly discharges have increased by 3% to 9%."

"The stream character as such and its discharge behaviour are the gross results of a range of events and functions of nature. The word 'stream flow' as used in the present text, is referred to 'catchment yield'. This yield is obviously discharge, q, which has dimensions of volume, L3, and time, T, expressed here onwards in cumec (one cubic metre per second) which will ultimately be converted into a single voluminous unit litre and hence referred to as Q. As the Gola River is a spring fed river, its discharge behavior is absolutely dependent on the subsurface flow of Siwalik Ranges. It has been noticed that the subsurface flow fluctuates according to the monsoonal and non-monsoonal precipitation intensity. Hence, an interesting seasonal rhythm is noticed in the monsoonal and nonmonsoonal discharge with the changing values of stream magnitude and velocity."

"Tujuan penelitian ini berupaya untuk mengidentifikasi perkembangan meander di Daerah Aliran Kali Pemali dalam periode tahun 2004 ?2014 dan menetapkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Citra Quickbird multitemporal digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi perubahan alur meander. Dinamika meander menunjukkan kecenderungan yang semakin berkelok atau sinuosity index meningkat dengan pengaruh besar dari peningkatan debit, sedangkan faktor lainnya adalah kemiringan lereng. Faktor yang sedikit mempengaruhi dinamika meander adalah penggunaan tanah tepi meander dan aktivitas manusia seperti penambangan, penlurusan (penyodetan) alur sungai, dan pembangunan tanggul buatan (artificial levee). Data yang digunakan adalah debit sungai, produksi sedimen suspensi, penggunaan tanah tepi meander, pembangunan tanggul buatan, serta lokasi tambang batu dan pasir besi.

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The present study was carried out to indentify factors influencing the meanders dynamic in Kali Pemali Watershed in the period 2004 ?2014. This study has used multitemporal Quickbird imagery to identify meanders planform change. The analysis shows that the Meanders dynamics increasingly meandering, or sinuosity index increased because increased of discharge. Factors that slightly affect the meanders dynamics are gradient, landuse, and human activities such as mining, river straightening, and construction of artificial levee. Data used in this study are river discharge, production of sediment suspension, landuse, artificial levee, and the location of mining."

"Respon hidrologi di Daerah Aliran Sungai DAS perkotaan yang telah mengalami perkembangan wilayah ditandai oleh fluktuasi debit. Indikasinya adalah tingkat flashiness yang semakin besar. Melalui pengolahan data debit harian selama tahun 1994-2016 dengan metode Indeks Richard-Baker IRB, dianalisis tingkat flashiness pada empat sungai di DAS Citarum yang dikaitkan dengan perubahan karakteristik DAS dan curah hujan. Hasil analisis keruangan dan temporal menunjukkan bahwa indeks flashiness Sungai Cimeta paling tinggi. Variasi indeks flashiness pada empat sungai tersebut relatif homogen yang menunjukkan daerah pegunungan. Indeks flashiness tertinggi terjadi pada musim pancaroba dan flashiness terendah terjadi pada musim kemarau. Kerapatan jaringan sungai dan tutupan lahan berpengaruh pada indeks flashiness. Tingkat flashiness pada tahun-tahun El Nino relatif lebih kecil dibandingkan pada tahun-tahun bukan El Nino.

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Hidrologic response in developed urban watershed marked from discharge fluctuation. The indication is increasing from flashiness level. Through daily discharge data processing during 1994 2016 with Richard Baker Index RBI , analyzed the flashiness level derived from four rivers in Citarum watershed connected with change of watershed characteristics and rainfall. The results of spatial and temporal analysis show that flashiness level of The Cimeta River is highest. Variation of flashiness index on four rivers is relatively homogeneous indicating mountainous area. The highest level of flashiness occurs during the transition season and the lowest flashiness occurs during the dry season. The density of river network and land cover affects the flashiness index. The level of flashiness in El Nino years is relatively smaller than in years not El Nino."

"ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sampai seberapa jauh pengaruh kualitas air sungai yang buruk mempengaruhi kualitas air sumur penduduk, sehubungan dengan masih banyaknya penduduk di RW 04 Kelurahan Manggarai yang menjadikan air sungai sebagai tempat membuang hajat dan menggunakan air sumur pampa sebagai air baku air minum.Masalah pokok yang diteliti adalah (a) berapa besar kandungan Escherichia coil di dalam air sumur-sumur pompa tangan penduduk pada jarak dari tepi sungai, kedalaman, dan pemakaian air yang berbeda-beda; (b) korelasi antara nilai Most Probable Number (MPN)" koli tinja dengan parameter fisika-kimia, sehingga dirumuskan hipotesis sebagai berikut:1) Makin banyak pemakaian air sumur, makin besar kemungkinan terkontaminasi koli tinja.2) Makin dalam sumur pompa penduduk, makin kecil kemungkinan terkontaminasi oleh bakteri koli tinja.Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan cara mengambil sampel-sampel air sumur secara sensus dan air sungai secara acak, masing-masing 3 kali ulangan selama 3 hari berturut-turut di awal musim kemarau. Di samping itu diambil pula data kuesioner, wawancara, dan observasi langsung sebagai data penunjang.Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan cara analisis statistik menggunakan korelasi jenjang Spearman terhadap nilai MPN koli tinja dan parameter fisika-kimia.Hasil penelltian menunjukkan bahwa 9 dari 14 sumur pompa tangan yang diteliti telah tercemar oleh bakteri koli tinja, di mana faktor jarak dan kedalaman berpengaruh terhadap nilai MPN koli tinja. Sedangkan besarnya pemakaian air tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai MPN koli tinja. Di samping itu sanitasi lingkungan yang buruk dan tingkah laku masyarakat yang kurang saniter turut membantu pencemaran koli tinja ke air sumur-sumur pompa.Salah satu dampak pencemaran sumber air oleh E. coli di wilayah ini adalah tingginya angka penderita penyakit diare dan angka kematian bayi. Di samping itu kandungan E. coil yang tinggi juga merupakan beban yang berat bagi pihak Proyek Air Minum (PAM) DKI Jakarta dalam proses pengolahan air baku air minum.Diharapkan penurapan dan pemindahan lokasi pemukiman penduduk RW 04 (RT 006 sld RT 0017) ke lokasi pemukiman baru dapat menjadi prioritas pembangunan di Kecamatan Tebet. Hal ini mengingat kondisi kualitas air yang sangat buruk di samping lokasi tersebut (bantaran sungai) memang tidak layak sebagai kawasan pemukiman. Di dalam Rencana Bagian Wilayah Kota (RBWK) Kecamatan Tebet tahun 2005, kawasan tersebut telah diperuntukan sebagai kawasan hljau tanpa bangunan.

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ABSTRACT

The aim of this research is to know how deep the bad river water quality influences the well-water-pump quality in relation to the fact that people at RW 04 Manggarai Village use the river as a defecation place and the well-water-pump as the source of drinking water.

Research points of view are (a) how many Escherichia coli present in the well-water-pump in different distances from the river edge, in different depth of the well, and in different quantity of water usage; (b) the correlation between MPH fecal coil and physic-chemist parameters.

Therefore, the formulations of hypothesis are: (l) the more well-water-pump usage, the bigger the potentiality of fecal col. contamination. (2) The deeper the well water pump, the lesser the potentiality of fecal coli contamination.

This research was implemented by taking the well-water-pump samples with census sampling method and the river water samples with random sampling method, each sample 3 times a day for 3 consecutive days in the early dry season. Questioners, interviews, and direct field observation were also taken as supporting data.

Statistical analysis of the hypothesis was performed with Spearman rank correlation to the value of MPN fecal cola and physic-chemist parameters.

The result of this research indicates that 9 from the 14 well-water-pump tested were polluted by fecal coil bacteria, with distance and depth factors influencing the value of MPN fecal coll. Whereas the quantity of well water pump usage did not influence the value of MPN fecal coli. In addition, bad environmental sanitation and less sanitary-conscience human behavior also supported the fecal coil contamination to the well water pump.

Among the impacts of water-source pollution by E. coli in this area were the high diarrhea sufferer and infant mortality rate. The high E. coil content in the water source also represent the heavy burden of the drinking water processing at Jakarta Municipal Water Treatment Plant (PAM DKI Jakarta).

We hope that the plastering of river edges and the transfer of residents of RW 04 (RT 006 to RT 0017) to the new residence location would be the development priority of Tebet Sub district, considering the bad water quality and improper residence location. In the Regional City Division Plan (RBWK) of Tebet Sub district 2005, this area would be a green-open space."

"Air merupakan kebutuhan esensial kedua yang paling banyak dibutuhkan manusia setelah oksigen. Namun, penggunaan air kian meningkat enam kali lipat selama 100 tahun terakhir dan akan terus tumbuh sekitar 1% per tahun sejak 1980-an. Dengan begitu, sumber daya air semakin dieksploitasi untuk memenuhi permintaan yang terus meningkat. Pada saat kebutuhan air yang terus meningkat, BMKG menginformasikan bahwa wilayah Jawa Barat berpotensi mengalami kemarau panjang yang disertai El Nino. Kemarau panjang itu sendiri dapat menyebabkan krisis air. Kabupaten Majalengka Kabupaten Majalengka menjadi salah satu wilayah yang memiliki riwayat kemarau panjang yang mengakibatkan krisis air. Sebagai salah satu sumber air di Kabupaten Majalengka, maka perlu dilakukan analisis ketersediaan air terhadap DAS Cilutung. Analisis ketersediaan air menggunakan persamaan Meijerink (1994), dimana persamaan ini menghitung air yang meresap ke dalam tanah dengan memanfaatkan data iklim, karakteristik fisik, dan luas wilayah.

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Water is the second most essential need for humans after oxygen. However, water use has increased sixfold over the past 100 years and has continued to grow at around 1% per year since the 1980s. That way, water resources are increasingly being exploited to meet the ever-increasing demand. At a time when the need for water continues to increase, the BMKG informed the public that the West Java region has the potential to experience a long dry season accompanied by El Nino. The long drought itself can cause a water crisis. Majalengka Regency Majalengka Regency is one of the areas that has a long history of drought, which has resulted in a water crisis. As one of the water sources in Majalengka Regency, it is necessary to analyze the water availability of the Cilutung Watershed. Analysis of water availability uses the Meijerink equation (1994), where this equation calculates the amount of water that seeps into the ground by utilizing climate data, physical characteristics, and area."

"The potential of surface water supply in Cicatih-Cimandiri watershed is apparent as river flows along the year and catered from abundant spring waters. This potential water resources e used for various uses of deomestic, industry municipal, and agriculture. Increasing water requirements in the area in the last decade, with growing bottled water industries , water supply needs to be calculated more accurately. To determine river flow discharge, an AWLR (automatic water level recorder) was installed at one of the tributory, Cibojong, based on scoring analysis, there are two parameters (density of drainage network and maximum stream order) that have significant influence to surface water supply. Results of analysis indicated that proportions of the two parameters contributing to river discharge were balanced. To optimize water allocation, irrigation scheduling schemes was exercised to support existing rice field practices. Beside that, total water supply for 15 sub-districts in Cicatih-Cimandiri watershed ranges from 69.637 MCM to 336.177 MCM in dry season and ranges about double in west season. Total irrigated rice area in the 15 sub-districts was about 15.093 ha (BPS Survey , 2007) therefore the potential water supply would be sufficient to support three rice planting seasons."

"Air bersih di Indonesia dapat diakses melalui pelayanan yang disediakan oleh Badan Usaha Milik Daerah (BUMD) bernama PDAM (Perusahaan Air Minum Daerah). Hal ini memungkinkan pemerintah daerah untuk ikut andil dalam pengelolaan air di daerah administratifnya masing-masing. PDAM bertanggung jawab untuk menjaga pasokan air di daerah dan menghasilkan pendapatan dari bisnis air bersih tersebut. Namun penyediaan air bersih masih belum efektif sehingga menyebabkan kualitas air yang tidak memadai, distribusi air yang rendah, bahkan kerugian finansial. Untuk mengukur dan menganalisa inefisiensi pelayanan air minum dan pertumbuhan produktivitas PDAM dari tahun 2012-2016, penelitian ini menggunakan teknik non-parametrik, yaitu Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) dan Malmquist Index Calculation untuk mengukur produktivitas setiap PDAM di Indonesia. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa terdapat inefisiensi yang signifikan di antara PDAM dari berbagai daerah di Indonesia. Ditemukan bahwa PDAM di luar Jawa berkinerja lebih baik daripada di Jawa; Oleh karena itu, PDAM membutuhkan intervensi kebijakan. Operasional PDAM di kota besar harus direstrukturisasi untuk meningkatkan produktivitas. Selain itu, penyesuaian teknologi (TECCH) tidak secara signifikan meningkatkan efisiensi. Namun, peningkatan produktivitas sebagian besar disebabkan oleh kemajuan teknologi

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Sufficiently clean water is accessible in Indonesia where municipally-owned cooperation (BUMD) handles the management of the PDAM. It allows local governments authority over water management in their administrative districts. This organization is responsible for maintaining the region's water supply while earning income from water business operations. However, this effort is not deemed effective since having a large number of PDAMs results in inadequate water quality, low water distribution, and even financial losses. However, the assumption lack factual evidence as they are not assessed alongside the government audit. In order to analyze the inefficiencies of water supply services and the productivity growth of PDAMs from 2012-2016, this research proposes to use a non-parametric technique, namely data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Index Calculation, respectively. The research findings reveal that there were significant inefficiencies among PDAM from various regions in Indonesia. It was found that PDAMs outside Java performed better than those in Java; thus, PDAM needs policy intervention. The operations of larger municipal PDAMs should be restructured to increase productivity. There was no TFP growth (TFPCH) in PDAMs evidenced by the reduction in pure technical (TECH) and scale efficiency change (SECH). In addition, the positive technological adjustment (TECCH) did not significantly improve efficiency. Regarding the increase in the number of PDAMs resulting from technological improvement, the increase in productivity was largely due to technological advancement.

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