Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Penulisan Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk melihat: Pertama, apakah tujuan pemerintah dalam membentuk kawasan berikat telah dirasakan manfaatnya baik oleh negara maupun perusahaan yang melakukan investasi di kawasan ini. Kedna, sejauh mana penerapan undang-undang perpajakan serta peraturan-peraturan yang dibuat oleh pemerintah telah dilaksanakan di daerah kawasan bebas pabean. Ketiga, kendala-kendala apa yang ditemui dalam penerapan undang-undang perpajakan di daerah bebas pabean. Data penulisan bersumber dan Kawasan Berikat Nusantara dan dan Peraturan- Peraturan Pemerintah. Penulisan dilakukan dengan mengadakan penelitian kepustakaan dan peninjauan langsung ke lapangan serta membuat analisa trend dan data yang diperoleh. Hasil penelitian penulis mengenai keistimewaan kawasan berikat di Indonesia, yaitu tidak dipungutnya PPN dan PPn BM untuk barang-barang impor serta transaksi lainnya, selama produksi yang dihasilkan untuk tujuan ekspor. PPN dan PPn BM dipungut bila barang-barang yang dihasilkan dijual ke dalam negeri. Hambatan juga ditemui di kawasan ini yaitu kekurangpahaman dunia usaha di luar kawasan ini sehingga menyebabkan peraturan ini tidak berjalan dengan baik. Walaupun adanya hambatan-hambatan, kawasan ini ternyata tetap menarik investor baik dan dalam maupun luar negeri. Penyerapan tenaga ketja kawasan ini cukup besar baik dan sektor formal maupun informal serta usaha-usaha penunjang kawasan ini. Peningkatan nilai ekspor dan tahun ke tahun tentu saja akan menguntungkan pemerintah, karena seluruh ekspor kawasan ini adalah produk non migas. Meskipun kawasan ini telah menguntungkan pengusaha, rakyat dan pemerintah namun ada beberapa hal yang patut mendapat perhatian, yaitu jasa-jasa di seluruh kawasan berikat di Indonesia sebaiknya juga dikenakan PPN dengan tarif sebesar 0% tanpa adanya diskriminasi. Untuk dapat meningkatkan ekspor non migas sebaiknya peraturan yang diterapkan di kawasan berikat dapat juga diterapkan di pabean Indonesia lainnya terutama untuk kelancaran arus barang."

"Rumah Susun merupakan suatu bentuk penyelesaian dari masalah kependudukan yang banyak terjadi di negara-negara dengan jumlah penduduk yang besar dan luas tanah yang terbatas. Pembangunan rumah susun juga ditujukan untuk memberikan kesempatan bagi masyarakat kurang mampu dari negara tersebut untuk memperoleh pemukiman sebagai salah satu bentuk kebutuhan pokok dari manusia. Seiring berkembangnya ekonomi secara global, maka tidak dapat dihindari lagi masuknya investasi asing di suatu negara. Rumah susun sebagai salah satu alternatif hunian tentu saja memiliki daya tarik tersendiri bagi para investor asing khususnya bagi yang hendak menetap di negara tersebut. Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara berkembang menyadari pentingnya rumah susun dalam faktor investasi asing dan telah menerbitkan peraturan-peraturan yang mengatur terkait kepemilikan rumah susun bagi orang asing. Singapura sebagai negara tetangga Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang memiliki sistem rumah susun paling sukses di dunia dimana hampir seluruh dari masyarakatnya tinggal di rumah susun baik yang dibangun pemerintah ataupun pihak swasta. Singapura juga memiliki peraturan-peraturan khusus terkait kepemilikan rumah susun bagi orang asing mengingat kedudukan Singapura di Asia Tenggara sebagai salah satu pusat finansial dan ekonomi. Maka perlu dilakukan perbandingan hukum antara peraturan rumah susun di Indonesia dan Singapura serta dampak peraturan tersebut atas investasi asing.

---

Flats are a form of settlement of population problems that often occur in countries with large populations and limited land areas. The construction of flats is also intended to provide opportunities for underprivileged people from that country to obtain housing as a form of basic human needs. As the global economy develops, it is inevitable for foreign investment to enter a country. Flat as one of the alternative housing, of course, has its own charm for foreign investors, especially those who want to stay in the country. Indonesia as a developing country realizes the importance of flats in the foreign investment factor and has issued regulations that regulate the ownership of flats for foreigners. Singapore as a neighboring country to Indonesia is one of the countries that has the most successful flat system in the world where almost all of its people live in flats built by the government or the private sector. Singapore also has special regulations regarding the ownership of flats for foreigners considering Singapore's position in Southeast Asia as a financial and economic center. So it is necessary to make a legal comparison between the regulations for flats in Indonesia and Singapore and the impact of these regulations on foreign investment."

"ABSTRAKA tax reform was made by the Government of Indonesia in 1984. However, inefficiency seem to be still prevalent in the Indonesian tax system. Comparison with other countries during the period 1991 to 1994, for example, indicates that the Indonesia tax ratio is in a lower position. This thesis is intended to study the effect of the 1984 tax reform on the efficiency of the Indonesian tax system. The level of taxation model calculates the tax ratio needed when the rate of economic growth has been determined. This model basically uses the Harrod models on economic growth as a starting point and modifies it by including tax variables. Tax capacity model correlates selected macro economic variables to the tax variables to obtain the optimum capacity of collecting tax. The tax elasticity model correlates tax elasticity with other selected economic variables. The important thing in this model is the effort to separate the growth of the tax into automatic and discretionary one. Optimization model has basically the same features with the tax capacity model, i.e., to find out the optimum tax function using certain selected variables. In the optimization model, however, objectives and constraints which are not considered in the tax capacity model are included. The general equilibrium model includes the tax variables into the economic general equilibrium model. The econometric model developed in this thesis is basically a tax capacity type of model. The efficiency of tax system in this study is developed using the concept of optimum "input-process-output" relationship. Output is the optimum tax collection. Input will be represented by selected economic variables. Taxes are assessed on economic activities. These activities will be reported in the macroeconomic information system where those selected economic variables are part of them. In addition to input-output relationship, the growth of taxes may also be affected by a discretionary variables (process factor). The discretionary variables, include, among others, tax policy, tax administration, tax personnel and environment. In this econometric tax modeling, the discretionary variables will be represented by a dummy variables representing tax reform. The approach used in this study will be, first, to develop a simultaneous econometric model. The improvement on the Indonesia tax system will be tested using the model above through its dummy variable. The selected economic variables will be classified into group of activities which consist of: (1) aggregate demand; (2) balance of payment; (3) monetary; (4) government budget and; (5) aggregate supply. Variables Y (Gross domestic product), C (Consumption), I (Investment), X (Export), M (Import) and GR (Government Revenue) are selected from the aggregate demand. The balance of the payment group will be represented by X (Export) and M (Import). The monetary and government budget are represented by M2 (supply of money which indicates the economy's liquidity) and the government revenue. The aggregate supply will be represented by Y (Gross Domestic Product), number of employment (N) and Investment (I). Description of symbols in the equations could be found in the main chapters of this thesis. In addition to the econometric model, a non statistical analysis will also be made to support the statistical evaluation. The analysis comprises of qualitative, quantitative and correlative analysis. The qualitative analysis compares the substance of the new law against the old one. It is concluded, based on this analysis, that tax paid by the taxpayers may not decrease, although less tariff was introduced under the new law. This statement applies both for income as well as value added taxes. This conclusion has the implication that the increase in the government tax revenues will be dependent upon tax administration and law enforcement. Besides, the taxpayers' awareness and compliance will also play a role in the growth of tax revenue. The quantitative analysis focuses on the growth and structural changes of tax revenue. There are two variables evaluated i.e., the tax revenue itself and the number of taxpayers. The average annual growth rate of tax revenue per taxpayer is 5.7% for income tax and 57.5% for value added tax. 61% of the growth rate of income tax is primarily due to the increase in the member of taxpayers while the remaining 39% is due to increase in the volume of activities. The value added tax has the reverse situation. The growth rate of value added tax is primarily due to increase in volume of activities (91 %) and the remainder is caused by the increase of taxpayers. Based on this analysis certain preliminary findings could be drawn: (1) value added tax collection is more efficient than the income tax or; (2) the effective tax rate of value added tax is higher than the income tax. The growth analysis indicates that the value added tax grew faster than income tax. The annual growth rate of income tax were 30% and 23.5% respectively for 10 years before and after tax reform. On the other hand, the percentages for value added tax were 24% ten years before tax reform and 37.5% ten years after that. The consequences of the different growth rate above were the changes in the structure of tax revenue. Direct taxes as a proportion to total tax revenue decreased from 41% during the period of 10 years before tax reform to 40% ten years after that. The proportion of income tax also decreased from 37.5% to 36.5% during the same period. Value added tax, on the other hand, has a different situation. The proportion of value added tax to total tax revenue has been increasing from 19% during 10 years before tax reform to 35.5% ten years after that. Meanwhile, the proportion of indirect taxes to total revenue increased from 59% to 60% during the same period. The correlative analysis was done by relating tax revenue with selected economic variables i.e., Gross Domestic Product (Y), Export (X), Import (M), and supply of money (MD). Three types of taxes were evaluated i.e., income tax, value added tax and total tax revenue. Two method of analysis were used i.e., ratio analysis and point of elasticity. The conclusions reached based on the above analysis are: a. The increment of value added tax revenue due to tax reform was higher than the increment of income tax. b. Tax reform causes tax structure more regressive. c. Tax reform seems to increase the efficiency of the Indonesia tax system. The above conclusion is supported by data such as the fact that ratio of income tax to gross domestic product has increased from 2.54% ten years before tax reform into 3.31% ten years later. The percentages for value added tax were 1.32% before tax reform and 3.23% ten years later. The point elasticity of income tax t0 gross domestic product has increased from 1.12 to 1.42 during the same period. The related numbers for value added tax are 0.08 and 2.35, respectively. The statistical test performed, using time series data of 1973174 to 1993194, concluded that the model is not fit to be used for estimation. Revision to the model, using logarithmic form, come up with the new one as follows: (1) In Typph = 5,75 - 1,25 In Y-0,11 In I.2 + 0,54 In X + 0,40 In MD (0,00) (0,00) (0,01) (0,00) (0,00) Calculated F: 0,00 Adj. R-Squared: 0,79 (2) In TYPPN = 0,36 In 1.2 + 0,38 In X - 0,82 In M + 0,14 In MD - 0,25 TR (0,00) (0,00) (0,00) (0,01) (0,07) Calculated F: 0,00 Adj. R-Squared: 0,87 (3) In TYOT = 4,56 - 0,80 In Y + 0,55 In X (0.00) (0,00) (0,00) Calculated F: 0,00 Adj. R-Squared: 0,76 (4) In C 0,90 In Y (0,00) Calculated F: NIA Adj. R-Squared: 0,96 (5) In I = -3,33 + 1,18 In Y (0,00) (0,00) Calculated F: 0,00 Adj. R-Squared: 0,99 (6) In X = 0,80 In MIGAS (0,00) Calculated F: N/A Adj. R-Squared: 0,87 (7) In M = 0,88 In Y (0,00) Calculated F: NIA Adj. R-Squared: 0,96 (8) In MD = -9,21 - 0,45 In r + 2,07 In Y (0,00) (0,01) (0,00) Calculated F: 0,00 Adj. R. Squared: 0,95 (9) In GR = 2,42 + 0,93 In FA (0,00) (0,00) Calculated F: 0,00 Adj. R-Squared: 0,99 (10) In Y = 0,17 In N + 0,82 In I (0,00) (0,00) Calculated F: 0,00 Adj. R-Squared: 0,99 It should be noted that with such revision, the type of the model has been changed from tax capacity to tax elasticity model. Significant results were obtained for all equation in the model during the statistical test using Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR). Interpretation of the coefficients of the tax equations in the revised model concludes that: a. Income tax has a negative elasticity relationship with gross domestic product (Y) and Investment two years lag (L2). Elasticities between income tax and export (X) and supply of money (MD) are positiive. b. Value added tax has a negative relationship with import (I) and tax reform (TR). Positive elasticity was obtained between value added tax and two years lag investment (L2), export (X) and supply of money (MD). c. Other taxes has a negative elasticity relationship with gross domestic product (Y) and a positive relationship with export (X). The implication of the above results can be summarized below: a. Tax reform has an effect on the collection of income tax. The growth of this tax was basically due to automatic growth instead of discretionary one. Meanwhile, although tax reform has an effect on the collection of value added tax, the effect was negative, meaning that tax reform did not improve the efficiency of the tax system. b. The growth of income tax did not have a relationship with the growth of gross domestic product and two years lag of investment. This is an abnormal situation which could be interpreted that the efficiency of the income tax collection can still be improved. The positive relationship between the growth of income tax and export and supply of money is deemed to be appropriate. c. Value added tax grew negatively if it is related to the growth of import. Additionally, this model indicates that the growth of value added tax does not have any relationship with the growth of gross domestic product. These two phenomena seem to be abnormal. It could be an indication that the efficiency of the value added tax collection can still be improved. The positive relation between values added tax and export, two years lag investment and supply of money is deemed to be appropriate. d. Other tax has a negative relation with the growth of gross domestic product. Efficiency improvement is still probable with this kind of tax. Positive relationship with export is deemed to be appropriate. This study comes up with certain recommendations as follows: 1. The efficiency of income and value added tax collection can still be improved. Improvement should be made on tax administration, law enforcement and certainty and clarity on rules and regulation. 2. The policy on final withholding on income tax should be implemented prudently. This policy may cause the tax system more regressive. The tax object selected should be focused on those related to individual taxpayers rather than corporate taxpayers. Additionally, the final tax withholding should be assessed on the lower income group representing the mass taxpayers. 3. Tax model should be used in the projection of tax revenue. By doing this, more justification could be provided when determining. the target for tax revenue. Additionally, this model could be used as a tool for analyzing the effects of any policies issued by the Government relating to the variables (sectors) included in the model. Preferably the tax model should be combined with the general equilibrium model of the Indonesian macro economy. 4. Tax reform has been proven as being able to increase tax revenue. It is recommended that similar reforms could be made on other taxes and non tax revenue. Attention should be made on non tax revenue, because there is a great potential to develop revenue from this sector. Pricing of the Government services should be reconsidered. At present the pricing of such services does not consider the cost of providing it mainly because it is assumed that the cost would be recovered through taxes. In the context of globalization, however, reconsideration of government services pricing is a must. By doing this, the efficiency of the whole economy may be increased. It should be noted, however, that a cross subsidy concept should also be considered in the pricing process. 5. This study also indicates that the structure of tax revenue is becoming more and more regressive. Attention should be made on income tax. Tax collection efficiency should be improved. The tax payers awareness and compliance program should be focused on this tax. The extensification program should always be continued. Meanwhile, tax rules and regulation should always be kept updated. Law enforcement should be focused on middle class individual (corporate) tax payers. 6. This study also conclude that the tax reform does not have a significant impact to the efficiency of income tax collection system. The learning period needed to reach optimum condition need to be extended. It is therefore recommended that fundamental changes should be avoided. Efforts should continually be made on the improvement of the present system, both internally and externally. The internal improvement includes updating of rules and regulations, computerization of data system and procedures and staff development. External improvement includes, extensification program, law enforcement and integration with other supporting systems such as legal and accounting. We hope that this study will benefit the readers and stimulate other more comprehensive studies to be made."

"Permasalahan dalam rnakalah ini bertitik tolak pada usaha Pemerintah melalui kawasan (PT.Kawasan Berikat Nusantara/KBN) untuk merangsang berkembangnya produksi ekspor dalam usaha meningkatkan ekspor non minyak dan gas bumi serta jasa, dengan memberikan fasilitas penangguan pembayaran bea masuk dan atau pungutan negara lainnya, dan, pelayanan perijinan satu atap. Fasilitas yang diberikan PT.KBN kepada investor merupakan monopoli dalam pengelolaan kawasan berikut yang diberikan Pemerintah khusus kepada BUMN tersebut yaitu perlakuan khusus kepabeanan, dan secara tidak langsung badan usaha ini diberi wewenang melaksanakan sebagian tugas pemerintahan bidang penerbitan ijin usaha dan ijin mendirikan bangunan. Selain itu PTKBN menyiapkan prasarana dan sarana kegiatan industri yang dapat digunakan investor atas dasar perjanjian sewa. Kedudukan PT.KBN dipandang dari segi yuridis, unik, dimana sebagai pemegang kuasa pemerintahan dapat menerbitkan ijin usaha yang sebenarnya merupakan kewenangan tugas administrasi negara. Namun dengan melihat ketentuan pendiriannya, maka pembentukan PT.KBN tidak terlepas dari usaha untuk menekan keuntungan. Dan secara yuridis, persero tersebut adalah berkedudukan sebagai badan hukum privaat. Kedudukan PT. KBN yang unik ini ternyata menimbulkan beberapa kendala yang dapat memberi akibat timbulnya ketida pastian atau setidak tidaknya dapat diprediksikan apa yang akan terjadi. Terdapat 3 hal yang menyebabkan ketidakpastian hukum yaitu, pertama, adanya aturan yang tidak sejalan dengan aturan yang lebih tinggi, kedua aparat yang menjalankan aturan lemah dan ketiga pengadilan yang berbelit dan memakan waktu lama. Perlunya pembet kawasan berikat dalam rangka pengembangan perekonomian dan Perdagangan tldak diragukan lagi. Tetapi hal ini tidaklah berarti mengabaikan sendi sendi hukum yang merupakan komitmen kita bersama, bahwa Indonesia sebagai negara hukum. Dengan demikian produk produk hukurn yang berkaitan dengan kawasan berikat harus pula dapat dipertanggungjawabkan dan memberikan kepastian dan perlindungan. Arbitrase sebagai lembaga penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan telah lama dikenal Dalam dunia bisnis internasional. Di Indonesia hal ini mulai berkembang dan semakin bertarnbah penting karena sederhananya menyelesaikan sengketa yang putusannya final and binding tanpa kemungkinan melakukan upaya hukum lain seperti banding, kasasi atau peninjauan kenibah sehingga mempercepat proses penyelesaian sengketa dan persidangan tidak terbuka untuk umum, suatu yang selalu dijaga oleh kalangan dunia bisnis. Keunggulan komperatif PT.KBN akan cenderung berkurang hal hal terpenting yang dapat menghilangkan keunggulan komperatif itu adalah dimulai dengan AFTA tahun 2003. Dengan pemberlakuan daerah bebas ASEAN pada tahun 2003, maka PT. KBN akan kehilangan daya tarik utamanya, karena kini pembebasan suatu perusahaan dari kewajiban untuk membayar bea masuk dan cukai menjadi kurang berarti. Keadaan ini akan menyebabkan kawasan industri lain yang bukan merupakan kawasan berikat menjadi lebih menarik bagi para investor. Kondisi ini menyebabkan di masa datang PT. KBN harus mengubah strategi usahanya dari fokus pemberian fasilitas non tarif menjadi pemberian fasilitas bidang investasi dan operasi, dengan selalu mengembangkan organisasi belajar yang dinamis yang dapat mengakomodasi perkembangan tuntutan lingkungan eksternal di masa depan yang diperkirakan akan berubah uba dengan gejolak yang makin besar dan sulit diprediksikan."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur biaya investasi politik Pemilihan umum 2014 serta dampaknya terhadap Perekonomian Indonesia. Studi ini menemukan biaya investasi politik untuk anggota DPR RI berkisar antara Rp 393,8 juta hingga Rp 1,1 miliar. Biaya investasi politik ini sangat tergantung pada kemungkinan untuk terpilih terpilih dan harapan manfaat ekonomi dan/atau manfaat non-ekonomi yang akan diperoleh ketika caleg terpilih. Pemilu 2014 akan menyuntikan dana sebesar Rp 115 miliar kedalam perekonomian Indonesia. Dengan mengunakan metode input-output dana yang dihasilkan dari pelaksanaan pemilihan umum 2014 diprediksi akan menumbuhkan output sebesar 1,47% secara nasional.

---

This study aims at estimating the political cost in 2014 election and its impact on the Indonesian economy. This study found the cost of the investment policy for the members of the House of Representatives candidates range from IDR 393.8 million to IDR 1.1 billion. The political investment costs are highly depends on the possibility to be elected and expectations of economic benefits and/or non-economic benefits that will be obtained when the selected candidate. in 2014 election will inject IDR 115 billion into Indonesian economy. By using the input-output method of funds resulting from the implementation of the 2014 general election is expected to raise output by 1.47% nationally."

"Terbatasnya infrastruktur gas bumi adalah hambatan utama dalam memaksimalkan pemakaian gas bumi di Indonesia. Subsidi BBM telah lama membebani anggaran belanja negara, dan menghambat pemakaian energi lebih murah seperti gas bumi. Gas bumi di ekspor lalu sebagai gantinya mengimpor BBM yang lebih mahal menyebabkan banyak kerugian finansial bagi Indonesia. Ditambah persepsi bahwa investasi infrastruktur gas bumi yang sangat mahal akan membebani negara dan membuat harga gas bumi kurang bersaing dengan BBM. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah, pertama, memperoleh gambaran tingkat kemampuan gas bumi mensubstitusi BBM pada berbagai harga gas bumi yang dikaitkan dengan harga minyak bumi. Kedua, memperoleh gambaran seberapa besar investasi infrastruktur gas bumi untuk sejumlah BBM yang disubsititusi, penghematan biaya operasi, impor, dan subsidi yang ditimbulkan. Ketiga, memperoleh gambaran seberapa besar dampak subsitusi ini terhadap kinerja perekonomian Indonesia. Dengan tingkat pengembalian investasi infrastruktur yang dibuat menarik bagi investor swasta, optimasi dilakukan dengan meminimumkan biaya total rantai suplai gas bumi dari sumber gas ke konsumen. Optimasi menggunakan non-linier programming yang diselesaikan dengan metode Generalized Reduced Gradient. Sedangkan dampak substitusi BBM oleh gas bumi terhadap kinerja perekonomian Indonesia dihitung menggunakan ekonometrika. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan harga gas bumi ditangan konsumen dengan pendekatan optimasi adalah antara 59 - 71% dari harga BBM di sektor transportasi dan antara 57 - 63% dari harga BBM di sektor industri dan listrik untuk satuan energi yang setara. Selisih harga-harga ini cukup menarik bagi konsumen BBM untuk pindah ke gas bumi. Nilai penghematan subsidi, impor dan biaya operasi berlipat kali nilai investasinya, lebih dari sepuluh kali untuk sektor listrik dan industri. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa substitusi ini menaikkan PDB sekitar 3,04-5,14%, meningkatan pertumbuhan PDB sekitar 0,21-0,37% dan yang lebih penting, menurunkan pengangguran sebesar 26,78-44,23%, tergantung pada jumlah substitusi BBM ke gas bumi beserta nilai investasi infrastrukturnya, pengurangan biaya energi dan subsidi yang dialokasikan kembali sebagai investasi dan tingkat harga minyak mentah. Jika tanpa reinvestasi batas-batas bawah di atas akan menjadi jauh berkurang. Penurunan pengangguran yang sedemikian besar terutama disebabkan oleh realokasi penghematan subsidi sebagai investasi di sektor konstruksi. Inflasi sedikit meningkat akibat pertumbuhan PDB. Secara keseluruhan, substitusi ini meningkatkan kinerja perekonomian Indonesia secara signifikan.

---

The lack of natural gas infrastructure is the main hurdle in maximizing natural gas usage in Indonesia. The petroleum fuels subsidy has long burdens the government spending, and discourages less expensive energy usage such as natural gas. Exporting natural gas and importing the more expensive petroleum fuel products cause financial losses to Indonesia. Moreover, the perception of high natural gas investment costs that will burden government spending and pushing the natural gas price up hindered the infrastructure construction. The research objectives are, first, to analyze the ability of natural gas to substitute petroleum fuel for a certain natural gas prices which attached to crude oil prices; second, to analyze the required investment to substitute certain amount of petroleum fuel, as well as its subsidy, import and operating cost reductions; third, to analyze the substitution impact on Indonesia macroeconomic performance. Considering that the natural gas infrastructures are given a favorable return on their investment, the optimization to minimize the total natural gas supply chain cost from the sources to the consumers was performed. The optimization uses the Generalized Reduced Gradient method to solve the non-linear programming problem. Econometric is used to calculate the macroeconomic impacts. The results show that using the optimization approach the end-user natural gas prices can be put between 59 to 71% of petroleum fuel prices in transportation sector and between 57 to 63% of petroleum fuel prices in industrial and electricity sector, for the same of energy equivalent. Those price differences are attractive for the petroleum fuel consumers to switch to natural gas. The amounts of subsidy, import and operating cost reduction returns multiple times of the value of its investment, more than ten times in electricity and industrial sectors. The macroeconomic analysis shows that the substitution facilitate GDP increase of 3.04 to 5.14%, GDP growth increase of 0.21 to 0.37%, and more importantly, unemployment decrease of 26.78 to 44.23%, depending on the amount of petroleum fuel substitution and its investment, as well as the cost/subsidy reduction reallocated as investment and crude oil prices. When the reductions are not reallocated as investment, the above results decrease considerably. Inflation increases slightly because of the increase in GDP growth. The substantial unemployment reduction is facilitated by large investment increase in construction sector resulting from energy subsidies reallocation. In short, the substitution significantly increases Indonesia economic performance."

"Pemerintah Indonesia telah menggariskan kebijakan dengan menetapkan tahun 2003 sebagai tahun investasi. Presiden Megawati Soekarnoputri pads tanggal 27 Februari 2003, dengan harapan bahwa iklim investasi di Indonesia kembali bergairah setelah mengalami keterpurukan akibat krisis multidimensi sejak tahun 1997, sehingga para investor, baik investor lokal maupun investor asing tertarik kembali untuk menanamkan modalnya di Indonesia. Sebagai konsekuensi dari kebijakan ini maka seluruh potensi pemerintah dan masyarakat, yang terkait perlu didayagunakan untuk dapat menyerap modal asing maupun modal dalam negeri.Sebenamya pencanangan Tabun 2003 sebagai Tahun Investasi dapat dilihat dari dua pendekatan: pendekatan pesimistis dan pendekatan optimistis. Yang pesimistis beranggapan tahun ini sulit untuk bisa menggaet investasi karena ada beberapa faktor penghambat masuknya investasi. Misalnya, masalah kenaikan harga yang mendongkrak biaya produksi yang tinggi, ketidakpastian jaminan keamanan karena menjelang agenda politik Pernilu 2004, adanya teror born di dalam negeri seperti di Bali, Bursa Efek Jakarta, Gedung MPRIDPR, dan terakhir Hotel JW Marriot.Sementara itu situasi luar negeri juga tidak menentu dengan adanya wabah penyakit SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), Perang Irak dengan Amerika Serikat yang baru saja selesai, Tragedi peruntuhan gedung WTC di Amerika Serikat, dan persaingan yang berat dengan Cina, Vietnam, Thailand, dan Asia. Tidak kompetitif karena faktual dan sentimen negatif bagi iklim investasi di Indonesia melalui melalui pemberitaan juga mengalir deras. Padahal investasi merupakan hal yang sangat panting untuk mendongkrak pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia apabila mengharapkan ralcyat dapat bekerja dengan baik, dan lapangan pekerjaan dapat tersedia dengan baik. Persoalan panting yang seharusnya menjadi prioritas pemerintah untuk dikerjakan, sekaligus didukung oleh kalangan dunia usaha dan masyarakat.Sementara dari sisi optimistis, semangat bahwa investasi harus terns meningkat, apa pun situasi dan kondisinya, seharusnya menjadi spirit dari semua prang. Dengan demikian, berbagai faktor penghambat investasi bisa dieliminasi.Menjadi tugas pemerintah, termasuk politisi dari DPR, untuk bisa membuat iklim yang kondusif sehingga Indonesia dapat menjadi pilihan investasi yang baik bagi pars investor asing. Bahkan, bukan hanya investor asing, investor lokal pun kelihatannya hams dirangkul agar pertumbuhan ekonomi terjadi dari investasi ini.Pemerintah berharap tahun 2003 jum.lah investasi yang rnasuk akan meningkat, balk Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) maupun Penanaman Modal Dalam Negeri (PMDN). Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, pemerintah akan segera menyelesaikan RTJU Investasi dan akan memberikan insentif bagi pars investor. Pemerintah memang harus berbenah din agar para investor, khususnya pemodal asing, tertarik menginvestasikan dananya ke Indonesia."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas keadilan dan kepastian hukum dalam peraturan fasilitas Kawasan Berikat. Adanya fasilitas Kawasan Berikat dalam bentuk fasilitas perpajakan dan fasilitas pelayanan pada Direktorat Jenderal Bea dan Cukai yang diterapkan dalam peraturan tentang Kawasan Berikat merupakan incenstives bagi investor untuk memulai bisnis di Indonesia. Fasilitas ini juga merupakan suatu reluktansi tariff barier yang ditujukan untuk memproteksi industri dalam negeri. Inti dari fasilitas perpajakan adalah penangguhan Bea Masuk dan Pajak Dalam Rangka Impor sampai dengan ekspor hasil olahan barang impor tersebut serta tidak dipungut PPN lokal pada saat subkontrak untuk tujuan pengolahan. Sedangkan fasilitas pelayanan adalah atas importasi tidak dilakukan pemeriksaan fisik adanya petugas khusus mengawasi dan melayani di perusahaan Kawasan Berikat dan prosedur yang sederhana dan cepat. Fasilitas ini mengakibatkan dampak yang berbeda terhadap keadaan industri dalam negeri yang tidak mendapat fasilitas. Dampak utama adalah timbulnya perbedaan kemampuan dalam merebut marketshare untuk industri sejenis. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi jurisdiksi Kawasan Berikat untuk pertimbangan rasa keadilan antara perusahaan dengan fasilitas Kawasan Berikat dan perusahaan tanpa fasilitas Kawasan Berikat serta memberikan kepastian hukum kepada perusahaan penerima fasilitas Kawasan Berikat.

---

ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses justice and certainty before the regulations of Bonded Zone. Existence of Bonded Zone Facility Scheme in the form of tax and service facility under Direktorate Generale Customs and Excise in sets of rules is incenstives for investor for starting a bussines in Indonesia. This Facility is a kinds of reluctanse in the scheme of tariff barriers in order to protect domestic industry. Main profitable of tax facility is obtained deferred payment of Import Duty and Tax in Import (Value Added Tax (PPN), Sales Tax on Luxury Goods (PPnBM), and/or Income Tax (PPh) of Article 22 Import) until export and not imposed local VAT when executing subcontract for processing activities. In other hand service facility is with out physical check beside the installment of customs officer to serve and inspect in Bonded Zone area and simple customs procedure. This facility incurs higher competition escalation toward local company without facility. Main impact is boosting The difference of ability to seize marketshare for industry. This thesis aims to evaluate Bonded Zone jurisdiction for sense of justice between company with facility and company with out facility as well as provide legal certainty to the companies."