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"One of the most potent insurgencies in twentieth-century Latin American history emerged in El Salvador in the 1970s. This book examines the trajectories of urban and peasant intellectuals who articulated the movements ideology and politics in the context of the Cold War in Latin America. Between 1960 and 1980, these intellectuals embodied an ethos of resistance that blended multiple political, religious, and cultural traditions. They drew on cultures of resistance deeply rooted in the countrys history as well as poetry and religion to spark urban and rural mobilizations against oligarchic-military rule that preceded the civil war in El Salvador. The book provides a ground-up history of the polarization and mobilization that brought El Salvador to the eve of civil war. Combining social analysis with close attention to political consciousness, it examines the evolution of political and religious mentalities and ideas about historical change among both urban and peasant intellectuals who articulated the insurgencys ideology and politics. Poets and Prophets of the Resistance utilizes archival sources in El Salvador and the United States, especially public and private archives that document Catholic Church history, university politics, intellectuals, literary groups, social movements, insurgencies, and repression. It also relies on original interviews with men and women who took part in Salvadoran politics and cultural life in the 1950s through 1970s. The book suggests that the trajectories of intellectuals and revolutionary movements, even in geographically small countries like El Salvador, can reshape the history of the Cold War in Latin America."

"Makalah ini menjelaskan dampak negatif Bitcoin dan hubungannya dengan kesenjangan digital di El Salvador. Negara ini memutuskan untuk menjadikan Bitcoin sebagai alat pembayaran nasional. Sejumlah warga yang mampu bertransisi ke transaksi Bitcoin mengalami kemudahan, sedangkan beberapa warga lain mengalami kesulitan beradaptasi dengan transaksi Bitcoin. Mereka yang mengalami kesulitan memiliki akses yang terbatas terhadap Teknologi Komunikasi Informasi (TIK). Menurut Warschauer (2002), kesenjangan digital mengacu pada kesenjangan terhadap grup memiliki akses ke TIK dan grup yang tidak memiliki akses ke TIK. Makalah ini berpijak pada tinjauan literatur akademik dan survei institusi. Makalah mendeskripsikan fenomena kesenjangan digital dan hubungannya dengan kebijakan Bitcoin di El Salvador menggunakan riset yang berkaitan dengan konsep teori kesenjangan digital dan konsep-konsep terkait kesenjangan digital untuk menganalisis fenomena El Salvador.

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This paper describes the negative impact of Bitcoin and its relation to the digital divide in El Salvador. This country has decided to make Bitcoin its national legal tender. Some citizens are quickly transitioning to the Bitcoin transaction, while others struggle to adapt to the transaction. Those struggling have limited access to information and communication technology (ICT). According to Warschauer (2002), the digital divide refers to the inequality between the group who can access ICT and those without ICT access. The paper stands with the peer-reviewed literature review and institutional survey. This paper describes the digital divide phenomenon in relation to the Bitcoin policy in El Salvador, utilising research related to digital divide theoretical concepts and digital divide related-concepts to analyse El Salvador's phenomenon."

"This paper presents the results of a preliminary study on the spatial variation of relationships between Indonesian rainfall and the ENSO phenomenon. It also presents the results of an examination on the spatial variation of the lag correlations between the ENSO and rainfall, with a view to establishing the SOI’s use in seasonal rainfall prediction. A monthly rainfall data set covering the period of 1950-1997 for 33 synoptic stations across the region is used. The Troup SOI for the period of 1949-1997 is utilized to represent the ENSO. The results confirm earlier studies about a close relationship between ENSO and Indonesian rainfall. However, it is found that there is a strong seasonality and regionality in the southern and eastern part of the county. The results also suggest that there is possibility of seasonal rainfall prediction using previous observation of SOI."

"EL Nino Modoki (EM) merupakan kondisi yang hampir mirip dengan EL Nino namun dengan posisi kolam panas yang berbeda, dimana konsentrasi panas berada pada wilayah Samudera Pasifik Ekuator bagian Tengah. El Nino memberikan pengaruh terhadap berkurangnya aktifitas dan intensitas siklon tropis/ tropical storm (TS) di wilayah Samudera Pasifik Barat Laut. Kondisi ini terjadi karena suhu muka laut cukup dingin di wilayah ini, sementara suhu muka laut yang hangat berada di wilayah Samudera Pasifik bagian Timur. Sebagaimana diketahui bahwa salah satu faktor pendukung pertumbuhan TS adalah suhu muka laut ≥26°C hingga kedalaman 60 meter. Penelitian ini mencoba mengungkapkan mengenai pengaruh EM terhadap aktifitas dan intensitas TS di wilayah Pasifik Barat Laut, dan juga dampak yang diakibatkan terhadap curah hujan di wilayah Indonesia. Dari hasil penelitian terungkap bahwa EM memberikan pengaruh terhadap aktifitas TS di wilayah Pasifik Barat Laut. Dari analisa statistik, dinamika atmosfer dan dinamika laut diketahui bahwa terhadap hubungan meskipun kecil antara EM dengan kejadian TS. Jika dibandingkan dengan kondisi El Nino, EM memberikan pengaruh yang lebih signifikan terhadap kondisi TS di wilayah Pasifik Barat Laut, begitu juga terhadap sebaran hujan di wilayah Indonesia khususnya Indonesia Tengah dan Timur bagian Utara.

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EL Nino Modoki (EM) is a condition that is almost similar to the El Nino, but with different area of the warm pools, where the concentration of heat is around the Central Equatorial Pacific Ocean. El Nino gives effect to the reduction in activity and intensity of tropical cyclones / tropical storm (TS) in the Northwest Pacific Ocean region. This condition occurs because of the sea surface temperature is quite cold in this region, while the warm sea surface temperatures in the Eastern Pacific Ocean region. As we know that one of the factors supporting the growth of TS was sea surface temperature ≥ 26 ° C to a depth of 60 meters. This study tried to reveal the influence of EM on the activity and intensity of the TS in the Northwest Pacific, and also the impact, particularly of rainfall in the region of Indonesia. The result of this study revealed that EM influences TS's activity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean region. By the statistical analysis, the atmosphere dynamics and the ocean dynamics are known that there are relationship between EM and incidence of TS, although with small relationship. When compared to El Nino conditions, EM provides a more significant influence on the condition of the TS in the Northwest Pacific, as well as upon the distribution of precipitation in the region, especially at north part of East and Middle Indonesia archipelago."