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"The book starts with four chapters in which the potential, advantages, and phylogeny of enzybiotics are reviewed. Then, the new ways of controlling infections by Gramnegative bacteria and an updated view of bacteriophage holins are presented. After a review of antistaphylococcal lytic enzymes, the book goes on to discuss membrane targeted enzybiotics, as well as the design of phage cocktails for current therapy. Finally, the last two chapters deal respectively with the novel methods to identify new enzybiotics and the use of modified phages to induce suicide in bacteria.Enzybiotics is a promising way of fighting bacterial or fungal infectious diseases by using viruses or viral-derived lysins. Drawing from the fields of medicinal chemistry, microbiology, genetics, and biochemistry, this book presents the state of the science in enzybiotics research, fully exploring its emerging therapeutic applications.The book begins with four chapters that review the potential applications, possible advantages, and phylogeny of enzybiotics. Next, the book explores :- A new approach to controlling infections using Gram-negative bacteria- Bacteriophage holins and their membrane-disrupting activity- Anti-staphylococcal lytic enzymes- Membrane-targeted enzybiotics- Design of phage cocktails for therapy from a host-range point of view- Novel methods to identify new enzybiotics- Genetically modified phages that deliver suicidal genes to target bacteriaThe authors, all active enzybiotics researchers, offer a variety of perspectives, the benefit of their own hands-on investigations, as well as a thorough review and analysis of the current literature.As more and more bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, the development of new disease-fighting agents has become essential. This book demonstrates the full potential of the emerging field of enzybiotics to control infectious diseases. Moreover, it will serve as a springboard for new research and the development of new therapeutics."

"Penyebaran mikroba yang resisten terhadap pengobatan merupakan tantangan kesehatan masyarakat yang menyeluruh, yang akan menurunkan efektivitas obat dan mengakibatkan tingginya angka kesakitan dan kematian serta bertambahnya biaya pengobatan. Pengawasan resistensi obat antimikrobial melalui laporan data tentang pola resistensi mikroba terhadap suatu antimikroba akan berguna untuk mencegah timbulnya resistensi. Pada studi ini akan dilaporkan tentang pola resistensi mikroba terhadap ceftriaxone dalam 4 tahun terakhir. Data yang dilaporkan ini berasal dari spesimen yang diperiksa di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik, Departemen Mikrobiologi FKUI dari tahun 2002 sampai dengan 2005. Spesies mikroba ditentukan melalui kultur dan uji identifikasi. Disc Diffussion Methods digunakan untuk uji sensitivitas ceftriaxone terhadap 14 bakteri Gram-negatif dan 7 bakteri Gram-positif. Hasilnya memperlihatkan, walaupun angka resistensi mikroba terhadap ceftriaxone meningkat dari tahun 2002 sampai 2005, tetapi secara umum masih kurang dari 50%. Angka resistensi yang rendah (< 3%) terlihat untuk Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Shigella flexneri, Serratia marcescens, dan Streptococcus pneumoniae. Hasil ini dapat digunakan untuk menyusun pedoman penggunaan ceftriaxone di Indonesia.

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AbstractThe spread of drug resistant microbes is a global public health challenge which impairs the efficacy of antimicrobial agents and causes substantial increase in morbidity and mortality rates, including healthcare-associated costs. Monitoring of antimicrobial drug resistance from documented microbial epidemiology & resistance rate is useful in preventing the emergence of resistance. This study reports on the pattern of bacterial resistance against ceftriaxone in the past 4 years. The data were obtained from specimens examined in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia from 2002 to 2005. Microbial species were determined from culture and identification tests. Disc diffusion method was used for sensitivity testing of ceftriaxone to 14 Gram-negative and 7 Gram-positive bacteria. Although resistance rates were increased from 2002 to 2005, resistance rates of ceftriaxone were found to be less than 50%. Low resistance rates (< 3%) were observed for Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Shigella flexneri, Serratia marcescens, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. These results could be useful in developing guidelines on the use of ceftriaxone in Indonesia. "

"ABSTRAKTi6Al4V merupakan material yang sangat reaktif terhadap atmosfer terutama pada temperatur tinggi. Pada saat proses sintering, reaktivitas titanium terhadap oksigen menyebabkan lapisan TiO₂ kehilangan sifat proteksinya sehingga oksigen berdifusi ke dalam material. Hal tersebut dapat merugikan karena menurunkan kualitas ikatan material, menurunkan sifat mekanis, dan menyebabkan material brittle. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melindungi material dari pembentukan lapisan oksida (TiO₂) pada permukaan paduan Ti6Al4V, melindungi dari difusi oksigen, dan mencegah difusi oksigen ke dalam material pada saat proses sintering dengan menggunakan teknologi baru yaitu Arc Plasma Sintering (APS). Teknologi sintering yang dilakukan menggunakan arus dan plasma sebagai sumber panas yang mampu melakukan proses sintering dengan waktu sangat singkat hanya dalam hitungan menit, dan konsumsi energi yang rendah. Dengan keunggulan yang dimiliki Arc Plasma Sintering (APS), diharapkan mampu melindungi Ti6Al4V dari oksidasi pada saat sintering. Sintering dilakukan pada arus 50 A dengan variasi waktu sintering selama 4 menit, 8 menit, dan12 menit. Hasil proses Arc Plasma Sintering (APS) dibandingkan dengan hasil sintering konvensional dengan atmosfer argon pada temperatur 1300^oC selama 2 jam, 3 jam, dan 4 jam. Kemudian dilakukan karakterisasi material dengan menggunakan SEM-EDS dan XRD, serta pengujian densitas dan kekerasan vickers. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan metode Arc Plasma Sintering (APS), material memiliki densitas dan kekerasan yang lebih baik dengan nilai densitas relatif mencapai 98,40% dan kekerasan sebesar 374,719 HV, serta ketebalan lapisan permukan TiO2 yang terus berkurang dari 16,405µm hingga 12,002µm dan tidak terjadi difusi oksigen ke dalam material jika dibandingkan dengan argon sintering.

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ABSTRACT

Ti6Al4V is a material that is very reactive to the atmosphere, especially at high temperatures. During the sintering process, the reactivity of titanium to oxygen causes the TiO₂ layer to lose its protective properties so that oxygen diffuses into the material. This can be detrimental because it decreases the quality of material bonds, decreases mechanical properties, and causes brittle material. This study aims to protect the material from the formation of an oxide layer (TiO₂) on the Ti6Al4V alloy surface, protect it from diffusion of oxygen, and prevent the diffusion of oxygen into the material during the sintering process using the new technology, Arc Plasma Sintering (APS). Sintering technology is carried out using currents and plasma as a heat source that is capable of performing the sintering process with a very short time in just minutes, and low energy consumption. With the advantages of Arc Plasma Sintering (APS), it is expected to protect Ti6Al4V from oxidation during sintering. Sintering is carried out on 50 A currents with variations in sintering time for 4 minutes, 8 minutes and 12 minutes. The results of the Arc Plasma Sintering (APS) process were compared with the results of conventional sintering with an argon atmosphere at a temperature of 1300^oC for 2 hours, 3 hours and 4 hours. Then the material characterization was performed using SEM-EDS and XRD, as well as testing Vickers density and hardness. The results of this study indicate that with the Arc Plasma Sintering (APS) method, the material has better density and hardness with a relative density value of 98.40% and hardness of 374,719 HV, and the thickness of the TiO2 surface layer continues to decrease from 16.405µm to 12,002 µm and there is no diffusion of oxygen into the material when compared to argon sintering.

 

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"Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang profile teofilin dalam plasmadan urine setelah pemberian.peroral ka psul teofilin yang berisi 300my teofilin..Penelitian tersebut dilakukan terhada p 12 orang sukarelawanyang sehat, berat badan berkisar antara 47 sampal 58 kg. umurberkisar antara 17 sam pai 28 tahun. Pengambilan darah dilakukansebelum obat diberikan, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, 480 menit setelahohat diminum. Urine dikump ulkan pada interval waktu tertentu selama48 jam. Konsentrasi teofilin daiarn plasma dan urine ditetapkan secaraspektr ofotometri.Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan kadar terapi teofilin dalamplasma dapat dicapal dengan pembenian 300 my teofilin. Ada hubunganantara profil teofilin dalam plasma dan urine dimana waktu untukmencapai ekskresi puncak.teofilin dalam urine sama dengan waktu untukmencapai kadar puncak teofilin dalam plasma pada t mid. Jugadiperoleh parameter-parameter farmakokinetik seperti waktu oaruhteofilin (1 1/2), tetapan kece patan eliminasi (Ke), tetapankecepatanabbsorpsi (Ka) dan ekskresi teofilin dalam urine kumulatif.

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The studies of theophylline profile in plasma and urine after

given theophylline orally capsule which contain 300 mg theophylline -

has been carried out.

The studies involved twelve healthy male volunteers, the range

of body weight are beetwen 47 to 58 kg and the ages are between 17 to

28 years old. Blood samples were taken right before the drug was

administered and 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, 480 minutes after that.

Urine samples were collected at regular intervals over 48 hour

periods. The concentration of theophylline in plasma and urine

samples were determined by spectrophotometric method.

From the data obtained, we observed that the therapeutic

concentration of theophylline was reached after given 300 mg

theophylline. There was relationship between theophylline profile in

plasma and urine, in which the time needed to reach the maximum

theophylline excreation in urine was same as the time needed to reach

the maximum theophylline plasma concentration at t mid. From the data

we also observed the pharmacokinetic parameters as the half ii:fe-

(T1/2) elimination rate constant ( Ke ), absorption rate constant (

Ke ) and cumulative urinary excretion."

"ABSTRAKRifampicin (RIF) adalah obat lini pertama untuk terapi tuberkulosis (TB) dengan kemampuan bakterisidal yang tinggi terhadap M. tuberculosis. Akan tetapi, kasus resistensi terhadap RIF telah menurunkan efektivitas terapi menggunakan obat ini. Multi-drug resistance TB (MDR/RR-TB) adalah tipe resistensi yang paling umum ditemukan pada galur MTB. Penggunaan obat berbasis peptida siklis telah banyak diminati karena peptida memiliki properti farmakologi yang baik, dan selektif. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menemukan kandidat senyawa peptida siklik yang potensial sebagai inhibitor protein RNA polimerase subunit β (RpoB) mutan S531L sebagai mutan dengan prevalensi tinggi pada MDR-TB. Struktur 3 dimensi dari RpoB wild type dan mutan S531L diunduh melalui basis data Protein Data Bank, dioptimisasi, dan dibandingkan karakteristik hidrofobisitas permukaannya untuk menentukan sekuens dari peptida siklis. Kemudian, basis data ligan peptida siklis dibuat dengan menggunakan generator kombinasi dan penggambaran. Optimisasi, kalkulasi muatan parsial dan minimisasi energi dilakukan pada basis data ligan, dan proses penapisan dilakukan dengan simulasi penambatan molekul. Simulasi ini dilakukan dengan dua tahapan rigid dan fleksibel terhadap struktur S531L RpoB, untuk menemukan ligan peptida siklis dengan interaksi paling baik dengan protein ini.  Simulasi ini menghasilkan 5 ligan terbaik dengan nilai energi bebas Gibbs terendah terhadap S531L RpoB. Ligan terpilih diprediksi sifat farmakologinya secara komputasi, dan menghasilkan 3 ligan (CYYEWC, CWYEGC, dan CQQNWC) yang memiliki karakter absorpsi, distribusi, metabolism, ekskresi, dan toksisitas yang sesuai. Ketiga ligan ini divalidasi interaksinya dengan menggunakan simulasi dinamika molekul, dan menunjukkan stabilitas interaksi yang baik sebagai kandidat obat untuk terapi MDR-TB.

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ABSTRACTRifampicin is the first line drug for tuberculosis (TB) treatment with high bactericidal activity towards M. tuberculosis. However, the rifampicin efficacy in TB treatment has been decreased steadily due to the emerging drug resistance cases. Among all types of the rifampicin resistance, MDR-TB is the most common resistance found in the MTB strain. Cyclic peptide therapeutics shows a significant success in the industry, since they possess a favorable pharmacological property. This study aimed to find the most potent cyclic peptide inhibitor for S531L RpoB protein for MDR/RR-TB treatment. Cyclic hexapeptide ligand database was built according to the binding site of the S531L RNA polymerase subunit β (RpoB) protein, the main mutation of the rifampicin target. The 3-dimension structure of RpoB wild type and mutant S531L were retrieved from the Protein Data Bank and optimized. Both of wild type and S531L binding site were compared based on their surface hydrophobicity to determine the cyclic peptide sequences in the ligand database. After the ligand database was built with combination generator and drawing, optimization, partial charge calculation and energy minimization were done. This database underwent two steps molecular docking simulation (rigid and flexible) against the S531L RpoB to find the cyclic peptide with best interaction towards this protein. The simulation resulted in 5 best ligands with the lowest value of Gibbs free energy binding to S531L RpoB. The selected ligands were subjected to the computational pharmacological properties prediction using several tools and resulted in three cyclic peptides (CYYEWC, CWYEGC and CQQNWC) with favorable interaction and ADME-Tox properties as MDR-TB drug candidate."

"This book gathers present knowledge on the involvement of ABC transporters in drug transport and resistance. Bringing together updated information from an otherwise-scattered field of scientific literature, this resource helps researchers in pharmaceutical science in discovering drugs able to counteract multidrug resistance in diseases like cancer. It examines ABC transporters not only at the cancer cell, but also in other important physiological localizations. This book covers these topics as well as the pharmaceutical and medicinal modulation and inhibition of ABC transporters, helping pharmaceutical researchers discover drugs to counteract multidrug resistance in diseases like cancer."

"In this paper ,the growth of GaN:Mn thin films by plasma-assisted metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (PAMOCVD) method is reported ..."