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"ABSTRAKKarya Lulis ini mencoba menyelidiki dan mcnjelaskan dampak korupsi lerhadap GDP perkapita pada panel data 105 negara. Kekhususan paper ini jika dibandingkan dengan studi-studi terdahulu adalah mencoba menyelidiki bahwa dampak korupsi terhadap pembangunan berbeda antar Negara dengan menambahkan variabel dummy negara maju dan negara berkembang Serta pengelompolcan dummy berdasarkan wilayah geogran (yaitu negara barat dan maju, Negara berkembang di Asia, Afrika, Amerika Latin dan r Karibia, serta Eropa Timur dan bekas Uni Soviet). Metode yang dipakai adalah OLS . panel, ZSLS, dan fixed effects regressions. 1-lasilnyamenunjukkan bahwa perlama, dengan meuggunakan OLS dan ZSLS, dampak korupsi terhadap GDP per kapita adalah . ncgatif dan signifikan. Dengan memakai fixed effects, hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa l dampak tersebut tidak si gnilikan clikarenakan adanya kemungkinan data panel yang terlalu pendek (hanya 6 tahun durasi data) Serta measurement emor (kesalahan pengukuran variabcl korupsi). Kedua, dampak negatif korupsi dirasakan lebih besar di negara berkembang dibandingkan di negara maju, Ketiga, jika dilihat dari wilayah 0 geografi, dampak negatif korupsi terhadap pembangunan dirasakan paling besar di negara berkembang di Eropa Timur dan bekas Uni Soviet, lalu berturut-turut di Asia, Atnka, rl Negara Barat dan Maju, serta paling kecil dampaknya di Negara berkembang di Amerika Latin dan Karibia.

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ABSTRACT

This paper tries to investigate and explain the impact ofcomiption on per capita GDP across 105 countri cs. The distinction of this paper comparing to earlier studies is to investigate that the impact of corruption on development is different among countries by involving dummy developed and developing countries and cluster geographical areas (Western and developed countries, Developing oountries in Asia, Africa, South America and Caribbean, and Eastern Europe and Ex Soviet Union). The methods used are OLS, ZS LS, and fixed effects regressions. The results show that first, by using OLS and ZSLS, the impact of corruption on per capita GDP is negatively significant. Fixed effects estimation show no impact ofoorruption on pcr capita GDP but this is probably duc to the short panel as well as measurement error. Second, developing countries have higher impact of con-uption on per capita GDP rather than developed countries. Third, looking on across geographical areas, developing countries in Eastern Europe and Ex Soviet Union have the highest negative impact, and then in Asia, Afiica, Westem and developed countries, and the lowest is in developing countries in South America and Caribbean."

"In terms accessible to non-economists, Marcos José Mendes describes the ways democracy and inequality produce low growth in the short and medium terms. In the longer term, he argues that Brazil has two paths in front of it. One is to create the conditions necessary to boost economic performance and drive the country toward a high level of development. The other is to fail in untying the political knot that blocks growth, leaving it a middle-income country. The source of his contrasting futures for Brazil is inequality, which he demonstrates is a relevant variable in any discussion of economic growth. Inequality illuminates causes of seemingly-unconnected problems. This book, which includes freely-accessible documents and datasets, is the first in-depth analysis of an issue that promises to become increasingly prominent."