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"Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan analisis pengaruh penambahan xylitol dan propilen glikol terhadap stabilitas fisik gel IgY. Metode: Formulasi gel IgY, dibuat dengan mencampur carbomer, gliserol, trietanolamin lalu dilakukan penambahan xylitol sebagai pemanis dan propilen glikol sebagai pengawet. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan metode pengamatan organoleptis pada hari ke 0 dan 14. Hasil: Distribusi stabilitas fisik gel IgY pada penyimpanan selama 14 hari untuk kelompok gel IgY dengan Xylitol dan Propilen glikol terlihat 100% stabil pada suhu 25°C dan 40°C. Sedangkan pada kelompok gel IgY murni terlihat 33.3% stabil pada suhu 25°C akan tetapi pada suhu 40°C semua sampel tidak stabil. Kesimpulan: Penambahan xylitol dan propilen glikol pada gel IgY dapat memperpanjang waktu paruh (shelf life) IgY sehingga gel IgY tetap stabil pada penyimpanan di suhu 25°C dan 40°C selama 14 hari dan secara uji akselerasi, bahan ini stabil pada suhu kamar dan lemari pendingin untuk penyimpanan selama 6 bulan hingga 1 tahun.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of adding Xylitol and Propylene glycol on the physical stability of IgY gel.

Methods: IgY gel formulation was made by mixing carbomer, glycerol and triethanolamine then adding Xylitol as a sweetener and Propylene glycol as a preservative. Observation was made by organoleptic observation method on day 0 and day 14.

Results: Distribution of the physical stability of IgY gel on storage for 14 days for groups of IgY gel with Xylitol and Propylene glycol looks 100% stable at 25°C and 40°C. While the look of group pure IgY gel are 33.3% stable at 25°C but at 40°C all the samples is not stable.

Conclusion: The addition of Xylitol and Propylene glycol in the IgY gel can prolong the shelf life of the IgY, so that the IgY gel remained stable on storage at 25°C and 40°C for 14 days, based on acceleration test these results mean the IgY gel is stable for storage at room temperature and refrigeration for 6 months to 1 year."

"The aim of this study was to assess the relation between the use of xylitol chewing gum and risk of dental caries. The sample was taken from a population of 800 (120 samples). Standard equipment was used in observing the dental plaque, salivary flow rate and pH of the saliva from patients using xylitol chewing gum or non-xylitol chewing gum. The results were analzed using the t-test (one tailed) with 95% confidence intervals (a < 0.05) The results show a significant effect of chewed xylitol gum with increased pH in saliva, increased salivary flow rate (SFR), and decreased plaque score."

"Xylitol is reported to inhibit the growth of C. albicans. Objectives: Investigating serum factor role in inhibiting the growth of C. albicans and the effect of 1%, 5%, 10% xylitol in C. albicans resistance in serum in vitro. Methods: Identification of C. albicans (oral swab of candidiasis patient) was conducted using CHROMAgar, confirmed by germ tube test. The cultures were serially diluted, inoculated in Saburoud Dextrose Broth (SDB) contained 0% (control), 1%, 5%, or 10% xylitol, and kept for 3 or 7 days. These inoculations were then exposed to either active or inactive serum (Fetal Bovine Serum heated in 65°C for 30 minutes) for 2 hours in 37°C. The colony forming unit (CFU) of C. albicans in Saburoud Dextrose Agar (SDA) were counted after 2 days. C. albicans ATCC 10231 strain was used as a comparison. One-way ANOVA with a 0.05 was used. results: After 3 days cultured in media with or without xylitol, the CFU of C. albicans exposed to active serum were significantly lower than those exposed to inactive serum (p=0.032). Although not statistically significant (p=0.689), increased concentration of xylitollead to increased resistance of C. albicans in active serum. Only 7 day exposure of 10% xylitol resulted in significantly higher growth of C. albicans (p=0.034). No significant difference of C. albicans CFU in active or inactive serum (p=0.404). Conclusion: Serum factor has role in inhibiting C. albicans growth in vitro. Exposure of 1%, 5%, or 10% xylitol for 3 or 7 days has no significant effect on C. albicans resistance in serum."

"Streptococcus mutans serotype C is a major causative agent to caries and is found predominantly in dental plaque and saliva. Dentifrice containing xylitol has been shown to inhibit the growth of mutans streptococci. The aim of the study was to identify in vitro the influence of dentifrice containing xylitol on S. mutans serotype C. The solution of dentifrice containing xylitol was first diluted with sterile aquadest at 1:1, and then to concentrations of 100%, 10%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001%, also with positive and negative controls. These solutions were exposed to S. mutans Serotype C by diffusion and dilution method. The results of the study show that the inhibition zone formed at concentration of 10% and 100%. There was a significant positive correlation between the concentration of dentifrice and the growth of mutans streptococci (p<0.05), with MBC point at 10%. In conclusion, dentifrice containing xylitol has an antibacterial effect and can inhibit the growth of S. mutans serotype C. Increasing concentration of dentifrice containing xylitol increases the size of the inhibition zone."

"Gel IgY anti-ComD S.mutans bekerja dengan inaktivasi gen comD sehingga menurunkan kemampuan komunikasi S.mutans yang berakibat terhambatnya pembentukan plak. Kitosan memiliki sifat antibakteri dan pengawet. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan gel IgY anti ComD S.mutans dan kitosan terhadap jumlah S.mutans dalam saliva subjek karies dan bebas karies. Metode: 40 subjek diaplikasikan gel selama tujuh hari. Sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan, saliva subjek diisolasi dan dibiakkan di TYS20B. Jumlah koloni S.mutans dihitung. Hasil: Penurunan rerata jumlah S.mutans terjadi pada kelompok subjek yang diaplikasikan gel IgY anti ComD S.mutans. Kesimpulan: Gel IgY anti ComD S.mutans dan kitosan tidak dapat menurunkan jumlah S.mutans dalam saliva.

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Gel IgY anti-ComD S.mutans decreasing the ability of S.mutans to start the plaque formation. Chitosan has antibacterial and preservative properties.

Objective: Evaluate the effect of gel containing IgY anti ComD S.mutans and chitosan on numbers of Salivary S.mutans in Subjects.

Method: 40 subjects used this gel for seven days. Before and after treatment, subjects’ saliva was isolated and cultured in TYS20B. The number of salivary S.mutans were counted.

Result: Reduction happen in groups that were given gel containing IgY anti ComD S.mutans

Conclusion: Gel containing IgY anti ComD S.mutans and chitosan is unable to decrease the number of salivary S.mutans."

"60 juta ton produksi minyak sawit dunia menghasilkan 600 ribu ton limbah SBE. SBE dikelola dengan cara dibakar (menggunakan incinerator) atau dibuang pada landfill. Namun, karena SBE mengandung kadar minyak yang tinggi, maka pembuangan SBE dalam bentuk landfill mengakibatkan polusi tanah dan air yang substansial (Raksi, 2009). SBE digunakan karena masih mengandung minyak nabati yang tinggi sekitar 20-40% yang berpotensial untuk dilakukannya pengolahan lebih lanjut seperti dijadikan biodiesel atau biolubricant.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mensintesis dan mengkarakterisasi ester propilen glikol atau biolubricant yang dihasilkan dari hasil modifikasi alkohol yaitu propilen glikol dengan asam lemak yang berasal dari SBE oil sebagai biolubricant. Hasil dari modifikasi ini adalah produk ester propilen glikol. Propilen glikol dipilih karena memiliki struktur yang bercabang, viskositas yang tinggi dan memiliki titik leleh yang rendah. Tahapan pada penelitian ini terbagi menjadi empat buah tahapan. Pada tahap pretreatment telah menghasilkan SBEO dengan kualitas sesuai dengan standar nilai RBDPO.Pada tahap esterifikasi telah menghasilkan minyak SBE yang memiliki nilai asam lemak bebas yang rendah untuk mencegah penyabunan. Pada proses transesterifikasi tahap 1 minyak SBE telah diubah menjadi metil ester atau biodiesel dengan variasi rasio mol yaitu 1:6 antara SBEO dengan metanol dengan yield 99,21%. Proses transesterifikasi tahap 2 metil ester atau biodiesel telah diubah menjadi ester propilen glikol. Setelah proses sintesis selesai, tujuan terakhir yaitu karakterisasi, dilakukan uji GC-MS, densitas, viskositas, flash point, dan pour point. Hasil dari modifikasi ini adalah produk ester propilen glikol dengan nilai flash point adalah 252°C dan nilai pour point adalah -7°C

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60 million tons of world palm oil production produces 600 thousand tons of SBE waste. SBE is managed by burning (using an incinerator) or disposed of at the landfill. However, because SBE contains high oil content, the disposal of SBE in the form of landfills can caused soil and air pollution (Raksi, 2009). SBE is used because it still contains about 20-40% high vegetable oil which has the potential to be processed further such as biodiesel or biolubricant.

The purpose of this study is to synthesize and characterize propylen glycol ester derived from propylen glycol and fatty acid from SBE oil as a hidraulic lubricant. The results of this modification are propylene glycol esters. Propylene glycol is chosen because it has a branching structure, high viscosity and has a low melting point. The stages of study are divided into four stages. In the pretreatment stage, the SBEO has been produced with quality in accordance to the RBDPO value standards. At the esterification stage, SBE oil produced a low value of free fatty acids to prevent saponification.

In the first transesterification stage, SBE oil has been converted into methyl esters or biodiesel with a variation of the mole ratio of 1:6 between SBEO and metanol with a yield of 99.21%. The step 2 transesterification process of methyl esters or biodiesel has been converted into propylene glycol esters. After the synthesis process is complete, the final goal is characterization, GC-MS test, density, viscosity, flash point, and pour point. The results of this modification are propylene glycol esters with a flash point value of 252°C and the pour point value is -7°C."

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Sistem dehidrasi glikol di Lapangan X bertujuan untuk menjaga kandungan air pada gas jual di bawah 10 lbs/MMSCFD sesuai permintaan konsumen. Dengan kondisi operasi saat ini, terdapat permasalahan kehilangan glikol yang menyebabkan biaya operasional bertambah. Penyebab kehilangan glikol dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai macam faktor, diantaranya karena permasalahan kadar keasaman (pH) yang tidak netral pada sirkulasi glikol (Azubuike & Michael, 2017) serta terjadinya oksidasi pada make up tank (Trueba et al., 2022). Pada Lapangan X, kondisi operasi tersebut pun terjadi, yaitu pH sirkulasi glikol berkisar antara 5 hingga 6 yang terukur pada make up tank. Terdapat beberapa metode untuk mengatasi kehilangan glikol, diantaranya penerapan Pre-Inhibited Glycol dan Nitrogen Blanketing. Makalah tesis ini membahas tentang pemecahan masalah kehilangan glikol dengan analisis proses pada kondisi aktual dan penerapan modifikasi Pre-Inhibited Glycol, Nitrogen Blanketing dan Metode Kombinasi Pre-Inhibited Glycol - Nitrogen Blanketing. Perangkat lunak yang digunakan untuk simulasi adalah Aspen HYSYS v11. Tujuan dari simulasi proses modifikasi ini adalah mendapatkan variabel kehilangan glikol fraksi massa TEG > 0.98 dan kadar air pada sales gas kurang dari 10 lbs/MMSCF. Analisis keekonomian dilakukan untuk menilai kelayakan modifikasi pada glikol dengan kriteria NPV ≥ 0, IRR ≥ WACC dan Payback Period ≤ 10 tahun. Berdasarkan hasil 100 studi kasus pada simulasi Aspen HYSYS, metode Nitrogen Blanketing merupakan metode yang memenuhi kelayakan teknis dengan parameter fraksi massa TEG sebesar 0.9808 – 0.9860, water content sebesar 9.15 – 12.04, dan pH 6.78 – 6.87. Secara kelayakan ekonomis, metode Nitrogen Blanketing juga layak dengan nilai IRR, NPV dan Payback Period berturut-turut sebesar 31.9%, Rp. 31.143.295 dan 1 tahun. 

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The glycol dehydration system in Field X aims to maintain the water content of selling gas below 10 lbs/MMSCFD according to consumer demand. With current operating conditions, there is a problem of glycol loss, which causes operational costs to increase. The cause of glycol loss can be caused by various factors, including the problem of non-neutral acidity (pH) in glycol circulation (Azubuike & Michael, 2017) and oxidation in the makeup tank (Trueba et al., 2022). In Field X, the operating conditions also occur, namely that the circulating pH of glycol ranges from 5 to 6, which is measured in the make-up tank. There are several methods to overcome glycol loss, including the application of Pre-Inhibited Glycol and Nitrogen Blanketing. This research discusses solving the problem of glycol loss by analyzing the process under actual conditions and applying modified Pre-Inhibited Glycol, Nitrogen blanketing, and Pre-Inhibited Glycol-nitrogen blanketing combination methods. The software used for the simulation is Aspen HYSYS v11. The purpose of this modification process simulation is to obtain a variable loss of glycol mass fraction TEG > 0.98 and a water content in sales gas of less than 10 lbs/MMSCF. Economic analysis was carried out to assess the feasibility of modifying glycol with the criteria of NPV ≥ 0, IRR ≥  WACC, and Payback Period ≤ 10 years. Based on the results of 100 case studies on the Aspen HYSYS simulation, the Nitrogen Blanketing method is a method that meets technical feasibility with TEG mass fraction parameters of 0.9808–0.8860, water content of 9.15–12.04, and pH 6.78–6.77. In terms of economic feasibility, the Nitrogen Blanketing method is also feasible with IRR, NPV, and Payback Period values ​​of 31.9%, Rp. 31,143,295 and 1 year.

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"Xilitol merupakan gula poliol berkarbon lima yang dimanfatkan sebagai pemanis pengganti gula dalam industri makanan dan farmasi. Produksi xilitol secara kimiawi dilakukan dengan menggunakan tekanan dan temperatur yang tinggi serta memerlukan pemurnian berulang sehingga metode ini dianggap kurang ekonomis dalam biaya produksi. Maka dari itu, dilakukan produksi xilitol dengan cara fermentasi yang dianggap lebih ekonomis karena sumbernya dapat lebih murah dan tidak memerlukan pemurnian yang berulang. Fermentasi dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan hidrolisat limbah industri tandan kosong kelapa sawit sebagai substrat oleh khamir Debaryomyces hansenii UICC Y-276. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah, menghasilkan xilitol dengan fermentasi memamanfaatkan hidrolisat limbah industry tandan kosong kelapa sawit yang mengandung xilosa. Hemiselulosa tandan kosong kelapa sawit dihidrolisis dengan katalis asam oksalat dan dioptimasi mengunakan metode statistik response surface method. Optimasi kondisi fermentasi produksi xilitol meliputi; konsentrasi metanol, jenis sumber nitrogen dan konsentrasi sumber nitrogen. Kondisi optimal hidrolisis berdasarkan response surface methode adalah 8 gram bobot tandan kosong kelapa sawit dalam 35 ml (1:5 b/v), 75 menit, dan konsentrasi asam oksalat 6%, serta didetoksifikasi selama 75 menit oleh arang aktif 2%. Xilosa yang dihasilkani sekitar 28 g/L. Yield value xilitol terbesar ditunjukan pada kondisi fermentasi dengan penambahan metanol 1,5% dan ammonium sulfat sebagai sumber N, yaitu 29,68%.

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Xylitol is five-carbon polyol sugar which widely used as sweetener in food and pharmaceutical. Production xylitol by chemical procedures using high pressure and temperature and also needed extensive purification are less cost-effective in production. Fermentation which has more advantages with lower cost caused of cheaper substrate and the non-necessity of xylose purification. Fermentation for this research utilizing waste oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber hydrolysate by Debaryomyces hansenii UICC Y-276 yeast.

The purpose of this research is to produce xylitol with fermentation method, utilizing waste biomass hydrolysate from oil palm empty fruit bunches containing xylose. Hemicellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunches was hydrolized by oxalic acid and also optimized using RSM statistic methode. Optimization of fermentation conditions for xylitol production are optimization methanol concentration and nitrogen source.

Optimum conditions for hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunches fiber obtained from response surface method were 8 gram in 35 ml (1:5 b/v), 75 minute, and dan 6% oxalic acid concentration with 75 minute detoxification by 2% carchoal adsorben give xilose concentration 28 g/L. The highest yield value of xylitol, 29,68 % given by fermerntation condition with the addition of 1,5% methanol and ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source."

"Tujuan umum: Mengetahui profil keamanan dan efek getah J. curcas terhadap jaringan gigi dan periapeks dalam persiapan untuk memanfaatkan pemakaian bahan alami getah J. curcas pada radang pulpa. Tujuan khusus (1) Mengetahui kandungan golongan senyawa getah J. curcas. (2) Mengetahui sitotoksisitas getah J. curcas. (3) Mengetahui toksisitas akut pemberian secara oral dosis tunggal getah J. curcas pada hewan percobaan. (4) Mengetahui aktivitas hemolisis getah J. curcas pada darah manusia secara in vitro. (5) Mengetahui sifat mutagenisitas getah J. curcas. (6) Mengetahui efek getah J. curcas terhadap pembebasan interleukin-1β oleh sel makrofag. (7) Mengetahui efek getah J. curcas terhadap pembebasan kolagenase pada set fibroblast. (8) Mengetahui efek histopatologik getah J. curcas terhadap pulpa dan jaringan periapeks gigi pada hewan percobaan. (9) Mengetahui efek getah J. curcas terhadap kekerasan macro jaringan keras gigi manusia secara in vitro. (10) Mengetahui efek getah J. curcas terhadap jaringan keras gigi manusia dalam hal kelarutan unsur kalsium dan fosfat secara in vitro. Metode penelitian: Disain penelitian eksperimental dan eksplorasi. Penelitian dibagi atas (1) skrining fitokimia, (2) tahap 1 dan (3) tahap 2 evaluasi biologik getah J. curcas. Untuk standardisasi getah J. curcas diambil dari satu petak tanaman dalam satu musim, kemudian diukur pH, volume basah, diliofilisasi, diukur berat kering, dan disimpan pada -20°C sebagai sampel. (1). Skrining fitokimia getah J. curcas. Analisis kualitatif golongan senyawa diidentifikasi dari ekstrak eter, etil asetat, dan air. (2). Uji toksisitas 1. Uji sitotoksisitas. (1) Metoga agar overlay. Getah J. curcas dan kontrol diserap oleh cakram selulosa, kemudian diletakkan di atas permukaan agar yang menutupi selapis sel Fib L929 yang telah diwarna neutral red. Evaluasi berdasar luas zona dekolorisasi dan zona lisis yang terbentuk setelah 24 jam. (2) Assay MTT. Getah J. curcas dalam medium diberikan pada kultur set Fib L929 cell line dan sel primer fibroblast gingiva manusia yang tumbuh dalam mikroplat 96-sumur. Setelah 1-4 hari, dilakukan assay MTT. Evaluasi berdasar perbandingan nilai OD kontrol dan perlakuan. 2. Uji toksisitas akut. Mencit diberi getah J. curcas secara intragastrik sebanyak 1 kali. Dihitung LD5O berdasar jumlah mencit yang mati. Dibandingkan antara kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol dalam hal tanda toksisitas, berat badan selama 2 minggu, pemeriksaan makroskopik dan mikroskopik organ tubuh. 3. Uji hemolisis. Darah dicampur dengan berbagai konsentrasi getah J. curcas. Evaluasi berdasar pembebasan hemoglobin, dibandingkan OD kelompok perlakuan dengan kontrol positif air, dan kontrol negatif salin. 4. Uji mutagenisitas. Getah J. curcas dikultur dengan bakteri S. typhi dan E. coil mutan. Evaluasi berdasar penghitungan koloni reversi bakteri, dibandingkan kelompok perlakuan, kontrol positif dan kontrol negatif. (3) Efek getah J. curcas terhadap makrofag dan fibroblast 1. Efek getah J. curcas terhadap pembebasan IL-1β. Lima dosis getah J. curcas dimasukkan ke dalam kultur makrofag peritoneum mencit BALB/c, secara bersamaan, sebelum, atau sesudah pemberian LPS. Setelah 1 dan 2 hari, IL-1β dalam supernatan diukur secara ELISA dengan Quantikine IL-1β for mouse kit. 2. Efek getah J. curcas terhadap pembebasan kolagenase oleh fibroblast. Empat dosis getah J. curcas dan IL-1β dimasukkan dalam kultur sel primer fibroblast gingiva manusia. Setelah 1-4 hari kolagenase dalam supematan diukur dengan assay kolagenase. Hasil degradasi kolagen dipisahkan dengan SDS-PAGE. Pita 3/4 αA diukur dengan program komputer Adobe Photo. (4) Efek histopatologik getah J. curcas pada jaringan pulpa dan periapeks. Getah J. curcas dimasukkan ke dalam kavitas gigi monyet. Setelah 3 hari, gigi diproses untuk pembuatan sediaan histologik. Evaluasi berdasar perbandingan pemeriksaan keadaan mikroskopik jaringan pulpa dan peripeks dalam hal inflamasi dan nekrosis, antara kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan. (5) Efek getah J. curcas terhadap jaringan keras gigi. 1. Efek getah J. curcas terhadap kekerasan mikro dentin dan email. Mahkota gigi premolar dibelah 4 longitudinal, lalu ditanam di dalam akrilik dengan 1 permukan tidak tertutup akrilik. Setelah direndam dalam 3 konsentrasi getah J. curcas, permukaan dentin dan email diberi indentasi oleh intan Knoop. Evaluasi berdasar perbandingan KHN kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan. 2. Efek getah J. curcas terhadap kelarutan kalsium dan fosfat. Mahkota gigi premolar utuh dibelah 4 secara longitudinal, lalu direndam dalam 3 konsentrasi getah J. curcas. Setelah 1-3 hari, kalsium dan fosfat yang larut dalam rendaman diukur berturut-turut dengan alat atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) dan spektrofotometer (metoda asam askorbat). Hasil penelitian pH getah J. curcas rata-rata 3,49 ± 0,09 dan perbandingan berat kering/volume basah 15,12 ± 0,31%. (1) Skrining fitokimia: getah J. curcas mengandung golongan senyawa sterol, aglikon flavon, tanin, senyawa pereduksi, glikosida steroid, poliose, dan saponin. (2) Uji toksisitas 1.(1) Sitotoksisitas getah J. curcas pada metoda agar overlay ditemukan zona dekolorisasi indeks 2 dari 5 indeks zona. Tak ada lisis sel, bentuk sel masih jelas. (2) Assay MTT: pads getah J. curcas kadar 0,25% terhadap Fib L929 dan kadar 0,12% terhadap fibroblast gingiva, sel nekrosis. 2.(1) LD50 > 5 g/kg BB, sehingga getah J. curcas dapat diklasifikasi dalam toksik ringan. (2) Tidak ada perbedaan berat badan. (3) Tidak ada perbedaan makroskopik dan mikroskopik organ tubuh yang diperiksa. (4) Terjadi inaktivitas pada hari 1 pada kelompok perlakuan, selanjutnya tidak ada perbedaan. 3. Aktivitas hemolisis getah J. curcas 15% adalah 6,5% dibanding air. Tidak ada hemolisis pada konsentrasi getah J. curcas yang lebih rendah. 4. Tidak ada aktivitas mutagenisitas getah J. curcas. (3) Efek getah J. curcas terhadap makrofag dan fibroblast 1. (1) LPS meningkatkan pembebasan 1L-1β oleh makrofag. (2) Pemberian getah J. curcas menghambat pembebasan 1L-1β oleh makrofag. 2. (1) Makin lama waktu kultur, produksi kolagenase makin banyak. (2) Getah J. curcas menurunkan pembebasan kolagenase oleh fibroblast. (4) Efek histopatologik getah J. curcas terhadap jaringan pulpa dan periapeks (1) Inflamasi dan nekrosis terj adi pads daerah yang terbatas dekat dengan daerah yang kontak dengan getah J. curcas. Di bawahnya terdapat jaringan pulpa normal. (2) Tingkat inflamasi pulpa kelompok perlakuan tidak lebih parah dari kelompok kontrol. (3) Tidak ada radang periapeks pads kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan. (5) Efek getah J. curcas terhadap jaringan keras gigi. 1. Efek getah J. curcas terhadap kekerasan mikro dentin dan email. (1) Kekerasan mikro dentin tidak berbeda bermakna pada 1 dan 2 hari perendaman getah J. curcas antara kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan. Namur lebih kecil setelah 3 hari pada konsentrasi getah 15%. (2) Kekerasan mikro email tidak berbeda antara kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan pada 1 dan 3 hari, Namun lebih kecil setelah 2 hari pada konsentrasi getah J. curcas 15%. 2. Kadar kalsium dan fosfat yang larut meningkat sesuai dengan kenaikan konsentrasi getah J. curcas. Namun lama perendaman tidak berpengaruh secara bermakna terhadap kelarutan kalsium. Kesimpulan (1) Getah J. curcas mengandung sterol, aglikon flavon, tanin, senyawa pereduksi, glikosida steroid, poliose, dan saponin. (2) Tahap 1 evaluasi biologik: getah J. curcas relatif aman pada hewan percobaan berdasar LD50>5 g/kg BB sehingga termasuk dalam klasifkasi toksik ringan; hemolisis 6,5% dibanding air; tidak mutagen; dan sitotoksik dengan nekrosis koagulasi. (3) Uji tahap 2: getah J. curcas cukup efektif dalam menanggulangi pulpalgia, berdasar nekrosis pulpa terbatas, tidak ada kelainan periapeks; kekerasan mikro email dan dentin tidak turun pada 1 hari; menghambat pembebasan IL-1β dan kolagenase. Namun getah melarutkan kalsium dan fosfat. Kesimpulan penelitian: penelitian dapat dilanjutkan ke tahap uji klinik atau tahap 3.

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Biological Study on the Effects of Jatropha Curcas (Euphorbiaceae) Latex on Dental and Periapical TissuesObjective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety level and the effects of J. curcas latex on dental and periapical tissues. The aims in details were (1) to identify the main classes of chemical constituent in J. curcas latex; (2) to evaluate the cytotoxicity of J. curcas latex; (3) to determine the acute toxicity of J. curcas latex after single oral administration on mice; (4) to assess hemolytic activity of J. curcas latex; (5) to evaluate mutagenic activity of J. curcas latex; (6) to evaluate the effect on J. curcas latex of IL-1 il release from macrophages; (7) to evaluate the effect of J. curcas latex on collagenase release from fibroblasts; (8) to assess the histopathological effects of J. curcas latex on monkey dental pulp and periapical tissues; (9) to determine the effects of J. curcas latex to dentin and enamel micro-hardness; (10) to assess the effects of J. curcas latex on dissolving calcium and phosphate. Methods: Research design was experimental and explorative. To standardize the sample, J. curcas latex was collected from Balittro, Bogor in 1997, then the pH and wet volume were measured, the latex was lyophilized, dry weight was measured, and latex was stored at-20°C as sample. Biological evaluation was grouped into (1) phytochemical sreening, (2) toxicity test, (3) effects of J.curcas latex on cell, (4) effects of J.curcas latex on dental pulp and periapical tissues, and (5) effects of J.curcas latex on dental hard tissues, (1). Phytochemical screening: the main classes of chemical constituents of J. curcas latex were analyzed qualitatively from ether, ethyl acetate, and water extracts. (2). Toxicity test 1. Cytotoxicity test. (1) Agar overlay technique. J. curcas latex was imbibed in cellulose discs and put on the surface of agar overlaying a neutral red stained Fib L929 cell monolayer. Evaluation was judged on zone index and lysis index after 24 hours incubation. (2) MT assay. J. curcas latex was added to human gingival fibroblasts and Fib L929 cell culture in 96-well micro-plates. After 1-4 days of incubation, MTT assay was performed. Evaluation was based on comparing the OD values of control and test groups. 2. Acute toxicity. A single dose of J. curcas latex was given to male and female mice, intragastrically. LD50 was determined based on mortality rate. Assessment was also performed on 2 weeks observations of body weight, macroscopic and microscopic examinations of several organs. 3. Hemolysis test. Blood was mixed with several concentrations of J. curcas latex. The result was the extent of hemolysis expressed based on the absorbance of the test samples, negative and positive controls. 4. Mutagenicity test. L curcas latex was added to the S. ryphi and E. coil mutans culture. Assessment was based on bacterial revertant colonies, compare to positive and negative controls. (3) Effects of J.curcas latex on macrophages and fibroblasts 1. Effects of .T. curcas latex on the release of IL-1 β from macrophages. Five doses of J. curcas latex from 75-1200 μg/ml were added into the culture of BALB/c mice peritoneal macrophages, along with, after, or before addition of LPS. Following 1-3 days of incubation, IL-1P presence in supernatant was measured by ELISA using Quantikine ]L-1P for mouse kit. 2. Effects of J. curcas latex on the release of collagenase. Four doses of J. curcas latex from 37.5-300 µg/ml were added to human gingival fibroblasts cell culture. After 1-4 days of incubation, collagenase in the supernatant was assayed with collagen. The degradation products were then separated by SDS-PAGE and the density of 3/4 αA bands was measured semi quantitatively by Adobe Photo computer program. (4) Effects of J.curcas latex on dental pulp and periapical tissues. The latex of J. curcas was brought in contact with dental pulp and sealed. Assessment was based on the presence of inflammation and necrosis in dental pulp and periapical tissues, histopathologically. (5) Effects of J.curcas latex on dental hard tissues 1. Effects of J. curcas latex on dentin and enamel micro-hardness. Intact premolar crowns were cut longitudinally into 4 fragments, followed by embedding of each fragment in acrylats leaving 1 free surface. The fragments were then soaked in 3 concentrations of J. curcas latex from 3.7-15% for 1-3 days. The dentin and enamel micro-hardness were assessed by Knoop hardness measurement. 2. Effects of J. curcas latex on dissolved calcium and phosphate. Intact premolar crowns were cut longitudinally into 4 fragments, followed by soaking the fragments in 3 concentration of J. curcas latex from 3.7-15% for 1-3 days. The dissolved calcium and phosphate were measured according to atomic absorption spectrophotometer and spectrophotometer (ascorbic acid method), respectively. Results: The mean ± SD of J. curcas latex pH was 3.49 ± 0.09. The dry weight/wet volume was 15.12 ± 0.31%. (1). Phytochemical screening: sterols, flavone aglycones, tannins, reducing compounds, sterol glycosides, poliose, and saponins were identified in J. curcas latex. (2) Toxicity test 1. (1) Agar overlay technique. 2-5 mm decoloration zones were observed, indicating that J. curcas latex was cytotoxic. No lysis of cells was observed within the decolorized zone. (2) MTT assay. At 2.5 mg/ml J. curcas latex no living Fib L929 cells were observed, while the same result was shown at 1.2 mg/ml J. curcas latex on human gingival fibroblasts. 2. LD50 was more than 5 g/kg BW, hence dry J. curcas latex may be classified into mildly toxic substance. No significant body weight difference was observed. Macroscopic and microscopic examination on several organs showed no differences between test and control groups. 3. 6,5% hemolytic activity of 15% J. curcas latex compared to water was observed, while no hemolisis was observed with lower concentrations of latex. 4. No mutagenic ativity was observed with J. curcas latex. (3) Effects of J.curcas latex on macrophages and fibroblasts 1. (1) LPS increased the release of IL-1β. (2) J. curcas latex inhibited the release of IL-lβ from macrophages. 2. (1) The longer the duration of incubation, the more collagenase was released. (2) J. curcas latex decreased collagenase release by human gingival fibroblast. (4) Effects of I. curcas latex on dental pulp and periapical tissues. Inflammation and necrosis were observed in a limited area, which was in direct contat with J. curcas latex, underneath was normal pulp. Inflammation in the pulp of test group was not greater than in the control group. No inflammation or necrosis in periapical tissues was observed in all groups. (5) Effects of J. curcas latex on dental hard tissues 1. (1) The micro-hardness of dentin was not lowered after 1 and 2 days treatment, but lower after 3 days at 15% J. curcas latex. (2) The enamel microhardness was not decreased after 1 and 3 days immersion in J. curcas latex, but decreased after 2 days at 15% J. curcas latex. 2. The calcium and phosphate release were increased in accordance to the concentration of J. curcas latex. The duration of treatment did not influence the release of calcium, while it influenced the release of phosphate. Conclusions (1) J. curcas latex contains sterols, flavone aglycones, tannins, reducing compounds, sterol glycosides, poliose, and saponins. (2) Level 1 biological evaluation: J. curcas latex is relatively safe in animals based on LD50>5 g/kg BW, 6,5% hemolysis compared to water, not mutagenic, but cytotoxic with coagulative necrosis. (3) Level 2 biological evaluation: J. curcas latex seems to be effective in relieving pulpal pain. It caused coagulative necrosis in pulp, which was in direct contact with J. curcas latex while the tissue underneath was normal. It did not cause inflammation of periapical tissues, and did not lower the dentin and enamel micro-hardness after 1 day of exposure, but it lowered the microhardness after 3 days. It inhibited IL-1β and collagenase release. It dissolved dental calcium and phosphate."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh ketebalan komposit resin serat pendek KRSP dan waktu penyinaran terhadap kekerasan dan depth of cure DoC. Dua puluh empat spesimen KRSP EverX PosteriorTM berbentuk silinder berdiameter 6 mm, dibagi menjadi dua kelompok ketebalan: 4 dan 5 mm n=12. Setiap kelompok ketebalan disinar dengan jarak 2 mm, iradiansi 800 mW/cm2 selama 25 dan 30 detik n=6. Nilai kekerasan diukur dengan uji Vickers dan DoC didapatkan dengan menghitung rasio kekerasan permukaan atas dan bawah KRSP. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji One-way ANOVA. Disimpulkan ketebalan dan waktu penyinaran mempengaruhi kekerasan dan DoC KRSP sebagai substruktur.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of short fibre reinforced resin composite SFRC thickness and curing time on the hardness and depth of cure DoC. Twenty four specimens of SFRC EverX PosteriorTM were made and formed into cylindrical shapes with 6 mm in diameter, divided into two different thickness groups 4 and 5 mm n 12. Each thickness group were cured with 2 mm light curing distance, irradiance 800 mW cm2 for 25 and 30 seconds n 6. The hardness was measured by Vickers test and depth of cure was obtained by calculating the hardness ratio of the bottom to the top surface. Data were analyzed statistically by One Way ANOVA tests. It was concluded that thickness and curing time has significant effect on the hardness and DoC of SFRC as substructure. "