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"Presently, substantial progress has been made in advancing biofuel production to meets global energy demands and the adverse effects high fuel prices. However, food-derived bioethanol feedstocks have aroused social and environmental concerns. Chlorococcum sp., a microalgae strain with high carbohydrate content for fermentation feedstock, is a potential biomass for bioethanol production.

This study examines technical and economical feasibility of the production, which capitalise annual biomass of 50,000 tonnes over 10 years operating time. This study explores different technologies configuration at various production stages, where chosen technologies are mainly cost-effective, energy saving, and reliable for large-scale operation. With biomass cultivation in raceway pond, dual-stage flocculation preceding centrifugation dewatering, dilute acid pre-treatment, separate hydrolysis and fermentation, and purification, the overall production cost incurs at AU$ 33 per litre bioethanol produced. The overall finding indicates that the project is technologically feasible, but not economically. Improving cultivation and dewatering can further reduce production cost hence the economic of microalgal bioethanol becomes more competitive and attractive."

"This book presents a number of efficient techniques for solving large-scale production scheduling and planning problems in process industries. The main content is supplemented by a wealth of illustrations, while case studies on large-scale industrial applications, ranging from continuous to semicontinuous and batch processes, round out the coverage.The book examines a variety of complex, real-world problems, and demonstrates solutions that are applicable to scenarios and countries around the world. Specifically, these case studies include:• the production planning of the bottling stage of a major brewery at the Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma (Heineken Int) in Mexico;• the production scheduling for multi-stage semicontinuous processes at an ice-cream production facility of Unilever in the Netherlands;• the resource-constrained production planning for the yogurt production line at the KRI KRI dairy production facility in Greece; and• the production scheduling for large-scale, multi-stage batch processes at a pharmaceutical batch plant in Germany.In addition, the book includes industrial-inspired case studies of:• the simultaneous planning of production and logistics operations considering multi-site facilities for semicontinuous processes; and• the integrated planning of production and utility systems in process industries under uncertainty.Solving Large-scale Production Scheduling and Planning in the Process Industries offers a valuable reference guide for researchers and decision-makers alike, as it shows readers how to evaluate and improve existing installations, and how to design new ones. It is also well suited as a textbook for advanced courses on production scheduling and planning in industry, as it addresses the optimization of production and logistics operations in real-world process industries."

"Recently, several strains of microalgae have been studied as they contain high lipid content capable to be converted to biodiesel. Fresh water microalgae Chlorella vulgaris studied in this research was one of the proof as it contained high triacyl glyceride which made it a potential candidate for biodiesel production. Factors responsible for good growing of microalgae such as CO2 and nitrogen concentration were investigated. It was found that total lipid content wasincreased after exposing to media with not enough nitrogen concentration. However, under this nitrogen depletionmedia, the growth rate was very slow leading to lower lipid productivity. The productivity could be increased byincreasing CO2 concentration. The lipid content was found to be affected by drying temperature during lipid extractionof algal biomass. Drying at very low temperature under vacuum gave the best result but drying at 60oC slightly decreased the total lipid content."

"Commercialization of bioethanol has recently intensified due to its market stability, low cost,sustainability, alternative fuel energy composition, greener output and colossal fossil fuel depletion. Recently, because of greenhouse intensity worldwide, many researches are ongoing to reprocess the waste as well as turning down the environmental pollution. With this scenario, the invention of bioethanol was hailed as a great accomplishment to transform waste biomass to fuel energy and in turn reduce the massive usages of fossil fuels. In this study, our review enlightens various sources of plant-based waste feed stocks as the raw materials for bio ethanol production because they do not adversely impact the human food chain. However, the cheapest and conventional fermentation method, yeast fermentation is also emphasized here notably for waste biomass-to-bio ethanol conversion. Since the key fermenting agent, yeastis readily available in local and international markets, it is more cost-effective in comparison with other fermentation agents. Furthermore, yeasthas genuine natural fermentation capability biologically and it produces zero chemical waste. This review also concerns a detailed overview of the biological conversion processes of lignocellulosic waste biomass-to-bio ethanol, the diverse performance of different types of yeasts and yeast strains, plus bioreactor design, growth kinetics of yeast fermentation, environmental issues, integrated usages on modern engines and motor vehicles, as well as future process development planning with some novel co-products."

"Commercialization ofbioethanol has recently intensified due to its market stability, low cost,sustainability, alternative fuel energy composition, greener output andcolossal fossil fuel depletion. Recently, because of greenhouse intensityworldwide, many researches are ongoing to reprocess the waste as well asturning down the environmental pollution. With this scenario, the invention ofbioethanol was hailed as a great accomplishment to transform waste biomass tofuel energy and in turn reduce the massive usages of fossil fuels. In thisstudy, our review enlightens various sources of plant-based waste feed stocksas the raw materials for bioethanol production because they do not adverselyimpact the human food chain. However, the cheapest and conventionalfermentation method, yeast fermentation is also emphasized here notably forwaste biomass-to-bioethanol conversion. Since the key fermenting agent, yeastis readily available in local and international markets, it is morecost-effective in comparison with other fermentation agents. Furthermore, yeasthas genuine natural fermentation capability biologically and it produces zerochemical waste. This review also concerns a detailed overview of the biologicalconversion processes of lignocellulosic waste biomass-to-bioethanol, thediverse performance of different types of yeasts and yeast strains,plusbioreactor design, growth kinetics of yeast fermentation, environmentalissues, integrated usages on modern engines and motor vehicles, as well asfuture process development planning with some novel co-products."

"Clean, safe and sustainable energy sources must be found to minimize all side-effects of fossil fuel consumption. Second generation bioethanol possesses a great potential as an alternative energy source especially in the transportation sector. In this study, rice straw was selected to be studied as a conversion of potential lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol. Firstly, rice straw was processed with mechanical pretreatment using a home blender, followed by acid pretreatment using 2.0 M sulphuric acid (H2SO4) at 90oC for 60 minutes. The glucose yield was found to be 9.71 g/L. Then, rice straw pretreated with acid was hydrolyzed using 24 mg of cellulase from Tichoderma Ressei ATCC 26921 over a 72-hour duration, which yielded a total glucose count of 11.466 g/L. After fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it was found that by combining enzymatic hydrolysis with acid pretreatment yielded a higher ethanol content after fermentation (0.1503% or 52.75% of theoretical value) compared to acidic pretreatment alone (0.013% or 11.26% of theoretical value)."

"This book presents a language integrated query framework for big data. The continuous, rapid growth of data information to volumes of up to terabytes (1,024 gigabytes) or petabytes (1,048,576 gigabytes) means that the need for a system to manage and query information from large scale data sources is becoming more urgent. Currently available frameworks and methodologies are limited in terms of efficiency and querying compatibility between data sources due to the differences in information storage structures. For this research, the authors designed and programmed a framework based on the fundamentals of language integrated query to query existing data sources without the process of data restructuring. A web portal for the framework was also built to enable users to query protein data from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and implement it on Microsoft Azure, a cloud computing environment known for its reliability, vast computing resources and cost-effectiveness."

" ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menyelidiki tentang produksi bioetanol dengan proses fermentasi anaerob menggunakan bakteri Zymomonas mobilis dari bahan baku cocopeat serabut kelapa . Cocopeat serabut kelapa yang telah dipilih sebagai limbah dan bernilai ekonomis dapat diolah menjadi sumber energi alternatif terbarukan yang ramah lingkungan untuk memproduksi bioetanol. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode delignifikasi, metode SSF Sakarifikasi dan Fermentasi Serentak , dan metode destilasi sederhana. Parameter dalam fermentasi etanol yaitu pengaruh variasi temperatur 32, 35 dan 38oC, dan waktu fermentasi dengan variasi 72, 96, dan 120 jam. Kapang Trichoderma viride memproduksi enzim selulase dan mengolah selulosa menjadi glukosa, sementara Zymomonas mobilis mengolah glukosa menjadi produk bioetanol. Analisis kadar bioetanol diuji menggunakan kromatografi gas. Hasil menunjukan dengan pH awal sekitar 5 mencapai kondisi maksimal pada temperatur 35oC, lama fermentasi 72 jam 3 hari , dan kadar etanol 0,341.

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ABSTRACT This study investigated the production of bioethanol by anaerobic fermentation process using Zymomonas mobilis bacteria of raw materials cocopeat coconut fibers . Cocopeat coconut fibers which have been selected as a waste product and have economic value can be processed to produce bioethanol as a renewable alternative energy sources are environmentally friendly. The method used in this research are the delignification method, method of SSF Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation , and a simple distillation method. The parameters of ethanol fermentation, such as the, temperature variation of 32, 35 and 38oC, and period of fermentation with the variation of 72, 96, and 120 hours. Fungus Trichoderma viride produced a cellulase enzyme and processed cellulose into glucose, while Zymomonas mobilis process the glucose into ethanol product. Analysis of ethanol content was measured by using gas chromatography. The results showed that an initial pH of 5 reached a maximum condition at temperature of 35oC, fermentation period of 72 hours 3 days , and the ethanol content of 0.341. "

"This study aimed to analyze the heat release rate from the combustion process of bioethanol from sago waste to determine the viability and feasibility of low-concentration bioethanol as an alternative fuel. The heat release rate, exhaust gas, and flame temperature were measured using a cone calorimeter, and bioethanol combustion was conducted using the pilot ignition method, with an ethanol quality range of 60–70%. The analysis that the heat release rate of 60% bioethanol combustion ranged from 20 to 140 kW/m2, while a lesser range resulted from 70% bioethanol combustion (18–45 kW/m2). The flame temperature for 60% bioethanol was found to be 440°C, while the smoke and orifice temperature was 150°C. The combustion of 70% bioethanol produced a flame temperature of 450°C and a smoke and orifice temperature of 120°C after approximately 6 min of combustion. This study contributes a solution for meeting the energy demand in rural areas, where the access to and availability of major fuel resources are limited. In addition, from the obtained results, this research concluded that bioethanol made from sago waste is suitable as a clean and alternative fuel for household applications in rural areas."