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"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dan menganalisis bagaimanakedaulatan dari suatu negara atas wilayah yang berada di luar negeri, denganmengambil contoh negara Perancis dan Belanda sebagai anggota Uni Eropa yangmenguasai wilayah di luar negeri. Penulis mempergunakan metode penelitianyuridis normatif dengan studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwameskipun kolonialisasi tidak lagi diakui oleh bangsa-bangsa di dunia, penguasaanoleh suatu negara terhadap wilayah yang terletak di luar negeri ternyata tidakbertentangan dengan hukum internasional. Hal ini ditegaskan dengandisepakatinya konsep non-self governing territories di dalam Piagam PBB sertadibentuknya Association of Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs) oleh UniEropa di dalam Traktat Lisbon. Adanya kedaulatan dari Perancis dan Belanda ataswilayah-wilayah di luar negeri (OCTs) diakui oleh negara-negara anggota UniEropa sebagaimana diatur dengan ketentuan Article 198 Treaty on theFunctioning of European Union (TFEU).

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ABSTRACTThis research aimed to describe and to analyze the territorial sovereignty of a

State over its overseas territories, by taking examples from France and Kingdom

of Netherlands as Member States of European Union that possess overseas

territories. Author use juridical-normative research method with literature studies.

The research shows that although colonization is no longer recognized by all of

nations, possession of a State over a territory which located overseas of its main

territory is not contradictory to international law. It was acknowledged by the

United Nations which agree upon Non-Self Governing Territories as stated in the

UN Charter, and by European Union which establishing Association of Overseas

Countries and Territories as stated in Lisbon Treaty. The sovereignty of France

and the Kingdom of Netherlands upon their overseas territories was

acknowledged by Member States of European Union as regulated by Article 198

Treaty on the Functioning of European Union (TFEU)."

"Berdasarkan Traktat Lisbon 2007, Uni Eropa adalah sebuah organisasi internasional yang memiliki personalitas hukum sehingga dapat melakukan hubungan hukum dengan subjek hukum internasional lain, misalnya menjadi anggota dalam organisasi internasional. Dalam hubungannya dengan negara anggota, Uni Eropa memiliki tiga jenis kewenangan, yaitu kewenangan eksklusif (pajak, kompetisi dalam pasar internal, kebijakan moneter, konservasi bagi sumber daya hayati kelautan, dan kebijakan iklan bersama), kewenangan bersama (pasar bersama, kebijakan sosial, kohesi ekonomi, sosial, dan teritorial, agrikultur dan perikanan, lingkungan, perlindungan konsumen, transportasi, jaringan trans-Eropa, energi, kebebasan, keamanan, dan keadilan, dan kesehatan publik), dan kewenangan untuk memberikan bantuan (perlindungan dan pengembangan kesehatan manusia, industri, kebudayaan, pariwisata, pendidikan, perlindungan masyarakat, dan kerja sama administratif). Dalam proses untuk menjadi anggota dari organisasi internasional, maka harus ada kesepakatan dari tiga organ legislatif Uni Eropa, yaitu Council, Commission, dan European Parliament. Council merupakan organ yang memberikan izin untuk memulai negosiasi, melakukan penandatanganan, dan juga untuk menyatakan keterikatan Uni Eropa terhadap pihak ketiga. Commission merupakan organ yang memiliki wewenang untuk membuat proposal untuk mengikatkan diri dengan pihak ketiga, dan European Parliament merupakan organ yang memberikan masukan terhadap proses pengikatan diri Uni Eropa terhadap pihak ketiga.

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Based on Lisbon Treaty 2007, European Union is an international organization that has legal personality which enable European Union to communicate and operate with other subject of international law, including to become a member of international organization. In relation with its member states, European Union has three competences, which are exlusive comptenece (customs union, competition rules of the internal market, monetary policy, conservation of marine biological resources, and common commercial policy), share competence (internal market, social policy economic, social and territorial cohesion, agriculture and fisheries, encivornemt, consumer protection, transport, trans-European networks, enegry, area of freedom, security and justice, and common safety concerns in public health matters), and competence to support (protection and improvement of human health, industry, culture, tourism, education, vocational training, youth and sport, civil protection, and administrative cooperation). To become a member of international organization, there should be an agreement from three legislative bodies of European Union, which are Council, Commission and European Parliament. Council is an organ which authorise the opening of negotiations, authorise the signing of agreements and conclude them. Commission is an organ that submit a recommendations to open a negotiations, and European Parliament is an organ that deliver its opinion regarding a binding process of European Union upon the third party."

"Organisasi internasional memiliki berbagai klasifikasi, salah satunya dibedakan menurut sifat supranasional dan intergovernmental. Organisasi internasional yang bersifat supranasional dan intergovernmental memiliki perbedaan dalam beberapa hal, termasuk dalam pengambilan suara untuk pengambilan keputusan, organisasi internasional yang bersifat intergovernmental seperti halnya organisasi internasional pada umumnya, memerlukan suara bulat dalam pengambilan keputusan, sedangkan organisasi internasional yang bersifat supranasional menggunakan suara terbanyak dalam pengambilan keputusan, hasil dari pengambilan keputusan tersebut mengikat negara anggotanya. Uni Eropa sebagai organisasi internasional memiliki sejarah yang panjang sejak pembentukannya, selain itu Uni Eropa juga memiliki perbedaan dengan organisasi internasional lainnya, karena sejak awal Uni Eropa dibentuk sebagai organisasi supranasional. Hal tersebut selanjutnya mempengaruhi berbagai hal, salah satunya mengenai pengambilan keputusan dalam Uni Eropa. Skripsi ini berusaha memaparkan permasalahan-permasalahan tersebut dengan menggunakan bentuk penelitian yuridis-normatif, sehingga menghasilkan data deskriptif-analitis yang dapat menjawab permasalahan-permasalahan di atas. Pada kesimpulannya, pengambilan keputusan dalam Uni Eropa terkait dengan institusi-institusi yang berwenang serta pengambilan suara yang digunakan. Uni Eropa selain mengenal pengambilan suara secara bulat, juga mengenal pengambilan suara menggunakan suara terbanyak, dan sejak berlakunya Traktat Lisbon semakin banyak bidang-bidang yang diputuskan berdasarkan suara terbanyak, dalam mekanisme Uni Eropa dikenal sebagai qualified majority voting (QMV).

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International organizations are classified in numerous ways, depending on the purpose for which the classification is being made, for instance the distinction between intergovernmental and supranational organizations. Intergovernmental and supranational organizations have different characteristics, including in the decision making process. Intergovernmental organization enjoys the unanimous approval from all members to adopt a decision, which is different in supranational organization, majority voting is become the main system. European Union as an international organization has supranational characteristics for the very first time, which take an effect on several things and decision making process in particular.

This thesis explains how that matters perform in juridical-normative method. At the conclusion, the decision making process always related to the institution's power and the voting system. However, the European Union recognizes not only unanimity, but also qualified majority voting (QMV) as the voting system which is needed in many areas, especially after the Lisbon Treaty 2007 came into force."

"This volume of essays casts light on the shape and future direction of the EU in the wake of the Lisbon Treaty and highlights the incomplete nature of the reforms. Contributors analyse some of the most innovative and most controversial aspects of the Treaty, such as the role and nature of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the relationship between the EU and the European Court of Human Rights. In addition, they reflect on the ongoing economic and financial crisis in the Euro area, which has forced the EU Member States to re-open negotiations and update a number of aspects of the Lisbon 'settlement'. Together, the essays provide a variety of insights into some of the most crucial innovations introduced by the Lisbon Treaty and in the context of the adoption of the new European Financial Stability Mechanism"-- Provided by publisher."To remain masters of their destiny, six European countries agreed to establish among themselves a European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957. To remain masters of their creation, the national governments devised a rather unique institutional system whose fundamental features can only be amended by unanimity. In fact, to enter into force, any amendment made to the European founding treaties has always required ratification by all the Member States in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. Remarkably, this demanding procedural requirement has not precluded a spectacular 'widening' of the membership of what is now known as the European Union (EU) as well as a considerable 'deepening' of the competences conferred on the EU by its Member States. Indeed, from an organisation originally consisting of six countries with a narrow focus on economic matters, the EU has grown beyond recognition. Its 27 Member States now pursue an extensive and diverse set of objectives amongst which one may mention the promotion of balanced and sustainable development of economic activities, the implementation of a common foreign and security policy and the tackling of cross-border crime. In order to effectively pursue these objectives, the EU has also gradually gained the power to legislate in the areas of monetary policy, social policy, environment, consumer protection, asylum and immigration, amongst other things"-- Provided by publisher.Contents Machine generated contents note: Introduction Diamond Ashiagbor, Nicola Countouris and Ioannis Lianos; 1. The institutional development of the EU post-Lisbon: a case of plus ça change...? Laurent Pech; 2. Competence after Lisbon: the elusive search for bright lines Takis Tridimas; 3. The Charter, the ECJ and national courts P. P. Craig; 4. Accession of the EU to the ECHR: who would be responsible in Strasbourg? Tobias Lock; 5. EU citizenship after Lisbon Niamh Nic Shuibhne; 6. The law and politics of migration and asylum: the Lisbon Treaty and the EU Sabina Anne Espinoza and Claude Moraes; 7. The European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy after Lisbon Panos Koutrakos; 8. The European Ombudsman and good administration post-Lisbon P. Nikiforos Diamandouros, European Ombudsman; 9. European contract law after Lisbon Lucinda Miller; 10. Competition law in the European Union after the Treaty of Lisbon Ioannis Lianos; 11. The unexpected revision of the Lisbon Treaty and the establishment of a European Stability Mechanism Jean-Victor Louis."

"The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of food safety regulation in European Union for Indonesia shrimp export to European Union countries period 1997-2007. Food safety regulation and high standard requirement which are imposed by most of developed countries could be indicated as barrier for developing countire because most of them could not meet the high requirement which is asked by developed countries. The European commission made a various regulations to regulate the requiremen of food safety and requirement for food and feed product. One of the regulations is Regulation (EC) no. 178 year 2002 laying down the general priciples and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Savety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. It regulation is aimed to provide high level of protection of human health and it consumer interest. The result of this research showed that regulation had a negative and significant impact on Indonesia shrimp export into several European Union countries. In addition, Gross Domestic Product of destination countries, relative price and nominall exchange rate also influence Indonesia shrimp export.

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Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa Pengaruh Kebijakan Keamanan Pangan di Uni Eropa terhadap eksppor udang Indoensia ke negara-negara Uni Eropa periode 1997-2007. Kebijakan keamanan pangan dan persyaratan standar yang tinggi yang diterapkan oleh negara maju dapat diindikasikan sebagai hambatan bagi negara negara berkembang karena sebagian besar negara berkembang belum dapat memenuhi persyaratan yang diberikan oleh negara maju. Komisi Uni Eropa telah membuat berbagai peraturan yang mengatur persyaratan keamanan makanan. Salah satu peraturannya adalah Regualtion (EC) No. 178/20002 tentang prinsip-prinsip umum tentang ketentuan-ketentuan hukum pangan, authority dan tanggung jawabnya serta prosedur dalam hal keamanan pangan untuk menjamin perlindungan yang ketat dalam hal kesehatan manusia atau konsumsi makanan secara umum pada masyarakat Eropa. Hasil dari studi ini menunjukkan bahwa regulasii ini berpengaruh negative dan signifikan terhadap ekspor udang Indonesia ke beberapa negara Uni Eropa. Di sisi lain, PDB dari negara Uni Eropa, harga relatif dan kurs nominal juga berpengaruh terhadap ekspor udang Indonesia ke Uni Eropa."

"European Union has developed from just merely economic cooperation into much stronger bond among its Member States to include unified currency and common foreign security principle. Nevertheless the biggest challenge for European Union is its own status in international law, whether it obtains status as an international legal person whilst eventually will enable it to play more influential role in international community such as the formation of international law and the shaping of international relation. This article will observe this issue by brought up the internal debates on European Union status in international law."

"Perkembangan berbagai segi kehidupan, baik politik, ekononomi, budaya, dan lain sebagainya telah mempengaruhi perkembangan ilmu hukum di berbagai belahan dunia. Sebagai contoh, perkembangan ilmu hukum administrasi negara di kawasan Eropajuga telah berlangsung dengan pesal, teratama disebabkan oleh perluasan keanggotaan Uni Eropa, dengan masuknya 10 negara baru kedalam organisasi regional tersebut sejak I Mei 2004. Tulisan ini menjelaskan tentang perkembangan terakhir hukum administrasi negara di Belanda dan Uni Eropa, terutama dengan berbagai perkembangan aktual yang terjadi dalam bidang legislatifdi Belanda dan Uni Eropa, serta berbagai pengaturan mengenai hukum administrasi negara di dalam draft konstitusi Uni Eropa."

"Krisis euro yang terjadi sejak tahun 2009 mengindikasikan adanya masalah dalam pelaksanaan peraturan European Monetary Union (EMU) dalam kerangka European Union (EU). Sebagai institusi internasional yang dianggap paling berhasil mengatur hubungan interdependensi berdasarkan perspektif liberal institusionalis, EU ternyata tidak dapat mencegah dan memperbaiki pelanggaran tingkat defisit dan tingkat utang yang terjadi di beberapa negara anggota Eurozone, khususnya Yunani, Italia, Irlandia, Portugal, dan Spanyol, sehingga krisis euro dapat terjadi. Ini menunjukkan bahwa EU belum sepenuhnya efektif untuk membentuk kebijakan ekonomi negara-negara anggota Eurozone. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efektivitas EU membentuk kebijakan ekonomi negara-negara anggota Eurozone, dengan menggunakan dasar teori efek independen institusi internasional berdasarkan perspektif neoliberal institutionalism dan metode congruence. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa EU tidak efektif dalam membentuk kebijakan ekonomi negara-negara anggota Eurozone pada periode 2002-2012 karena lima alasan berikut: (1) tidak mempunyai kepentingan independen dalam EMU yang merepresentasikan seluruh negara anggota, (2) tidak dapat menghilangkan ketidakjelasan masa depan dalam pelaksanaan EMU, (3) tidak memberikan hasil kesejahteraan ekonomi yang diharapkan dari EMU, (4) tidak dapat memfasilitasi hubungan pengaruh politik dan kapasitas ekonomi yang setara dalam pelaksanaan EMU, dan (5) tidak mempunyai struktur institusi yang independen dan ajeg untuk pelaksanaan EMU.

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The euro crisis that happened since 2009 indicates that there was a problem in executing European Monetary Union (EMU) rules within the European Union (EU) framework. Regarded by liberal institutionalists as the most successful international institution in dealing with interdependence, EU was proven to be ineffective in preventing and correcting excessive deficit and debt of several Eurozone countries, especially Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain. This problem signifies that EU was ineffective in shaping economic policy of Eurozone countries.

This study aims to uncover factors that influence EU effectiveness in shaping economic policy of Eurozone countries by using independent effect of international institution theory based on neoliberal institutionalism, with congruence method.

The results show that EU was ineffective in shaping economic policy of Eurozone countries in 2002-2012 because of the following reasons: (1) EU did not have independent interest that represent all member countries? interests, (2) EU was not able to eliminate future unpredictability in implementing EMU, (3) EU was not able to deliver economic welfare that was expected from EMU, (4) EU was not able to facilitate political and economic equality in implementing EMU, and (5) EU did not have independent and firm structure in implementing EMU."

"The book reviews the EU treaties provisions governing relations between the EU and member state territories, such as the Netherlands Antilles, the UK Channel Islands and the French Overseas Departments. The book includes an overview of each of the relevant territories, including their present constitutional relations with their Member State and their legal relations with the EU. Prior to the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the over-arching Treaty provision for this relationship was Article 299 of the EC Treaty. Having traced the development of Article 299 from 1957 to the present Lisbon framework, the book identifies many inconsistencies and issues with this current framework and proposes a new model framework, one that is more concise and up-to-date and which is adaptable to possible future developments. "