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"ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui beberapa faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan lingkar pinggang sebagai indikator obesitas sentral. Desain penelitian yang digunakan cross-sectional dengan sistem random sampling pada 121 responden pegawai kantor pusat PT Wijaya Karya, Jakarta Timur di bulan April-Mei 2012. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi lingkar pinggang, riwayat genetik, usia, jenis kelamin, indeks massa tubuh (IMT), persen lemak tubuh (PLT), pengeluaran per bulan, aktivitas fisik, dan asupan gizi (asupan energi, protein, lemak, karbohidrat, dan serat). Data dikumpulkan melalui pengukuran lingkar pinggang, persen lemak tubuh, antropometri, kuesioner, dan wawancara FFQ-semiquantirarive. Usia, IMT, PLT, pengeluaran per bulan, asupan energi, lemak, dan karbohidrat berkorelasi signifikan dengan lingkar pinggang (p < 0,05). Perbedaan signifikan juga ditunjukkan antara jenis kelamin dengan lingkar pinggang (p < 0,05). Semakin tinggi usia, IMT, PLT, asupan energi maka semakin besar ukuran lingkar pinggang.

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ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to determine the association of some risk factors in waist circtunference as an abdominal obesity indicator. A cross sectional comprised 121 respondent by random sampling among employee in head office PT Wijaya Karya, Jakarta Timur on April - May 2012. Data collected included genetic history, age, sex, BMI, body fat percentage (BFP), household outcome, physical activity, and dietaly intake (energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and fiber). Data were collected through waist measurement, percentage of body fat, anthropometry, questiomlaires, and FFQ-semiquantitative interviews. Age, BMI, BFP, household outcome, intake of energy, fat and carbohydrate were sig11ificantly correlated with waist circumference (p < 0,0S). Also indicated significant differences between the sexes with waist circumference. An increase in age, BMI, BFP, and intake of energy were correlated with a statistically significant in waist circumference gain."

"Bakteri Escherichia coli banyak ditemukan mengkontaminasi makanan jajanan anak sekolah dasar yang dapat meningkatkan risiko untuk terkena penyakit diare. Makanan jajanan berisiko tinggi terkontaminasi bakteri E.coli karena diolah dan disajikan dalam keadaan tidak higiene. Kelurahan Sempur di Kota Bogor adalah daerah tertinggi angka kejadian diarenya pada tahun 2016 dan berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan Aqmarina (2014), sebanyak 64,3% sampel makanan jajanan di salah satu Kelurahan Kota Bogor terkontaminasi bakteri E.coli. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan antara E.coli pada makanan jajanan dengan diare akut pada anak SD di Kelurahan Sempur Kota Bogor Tahun 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross sectional dengan metode kuesioner, observasi, serta pengambilan sampel makanan jajanan kemudian dilakukan dengan analisis bivariat. Proses pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan Mei 2019 dengan 132 responden dan 30 sampel makanan jajanan. Berdasarkan analisis statistik, hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan antara keberadaan bakteri E.coli dalam makanan jajanan dengan kejadian diare akut pada anak SD (p = 0,016 ; OR = 2 ,522). Jenis makanan jajanan juga berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian diare akut (p = 0,048 ; OR = 2,124). Kebiasaan cuci tangan juga berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian diare akut (p = 0,031 ; OR = 2,304). Sedangkan frekuensi jajan dan sarana tempat sampah tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan dengan kejadian diare akut.

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Many Escherichia colibacteria are found to contaminate elementary school snack foods that can increase the risk for diarrhea. High-risk snack foods contaminated with E. coli bacteria because they are processed and served in unhygienic conditions. Sempur in Bogor City was the highest area of diarrhea incidence in 2016 and based on research conducted by Aqmarina (2014), as many as 64.3% of snacks in one of the Bogor City Sub-District were contaminated with E.coli bacteria.

This study aimed to test association of Eschericia coli in snacks with elementary schools students acute diarrhea in Sempur Bogor Sub-District in 2019.This study used a cross sectional study design with questionnaire, observation, and food sampling and then carried out by bivariate analysis. The process of data collection was conducted in May 2019 with 132 respondents and 30 samples of snacks.

Based on statistical analysis, the results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between the presence of E. colibacteria in snack foods with the incidence of acute diarrhea in elementary schools children (p = 0.016 ; OR = 2.522). The type of snack food was also significantly associated with the incidence of acute diarrhea (p = 0.048 ; OR = 2.124). Hand washing behavior are also significantly associated with the incidence of acute diarrhea (p = 0.031 ; OR = 2.304). While the frequency snacking and rubish dishposal have not association with elementary schools students acute diarrhea."

"Penelitian dengan desain studi cross-sectional dilakukan pada bulan April-Mei 2013. Penelitian di Kementerian Perindustrian RI melibatkan 122 pegawai. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui beberapa faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan lingkar pinggang sebagai indikator obesitas sentral. Variabel dependen pada studi ini ialah obesitas sentral berdasarkan pengukuran lingkar pinggang. Variabel independen ialah jenis kelamin, umur, pendidikan terakhir, pengetahuan gizi, riwayat genetik, Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT), persen lemak tubuh, kebiasaan merokok, aktivitas fisik dan asupan gizi (energi, protein, lemak, dan karbohidrat). Data dikumpulkan melalui pengukuran lingkar pinggang, persen lemak tubuh, antropometri, kuesioner, dan wawancara asupan makanan 2x24 jam. Analisis bivariat, didapatkan hubungan yang signifikan antara umur, Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT), persen lemak tubuh, asupan energi, protein, lemak, dan karbohidrat. Perbedaan yang signifikan juga ditunjukkan antara jenis kelamin dan kebiasaan merokok dengan lingkar pinggang. Para pegawai diharapkan mulai mengontrol asupan makanan dan gaya hidup.

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This cross sectional study was held in April-Mei 2013 comprised 122 employee at Ministry of Industry. The objective of study was to determine the association of some risk factors in waist circumference as an abdominal obesity indicator. Dependent variables of this study was abdominal obesity that was measured by waist circumference and the independent variable consist of sex, age, aducational background, nutritional knowledge, genetic history, Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Fat Percentage (BFP), smoking status, physical activity, and nutrient intake (intake of energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate). Data were collected through waist measurement, Body Fat Percentage, anthropometry, questionnaires, and food models as supporting tools for 2x24 hours food recall. Bivariate analyses showed that age, BMI, BFP, intake of energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate were correlated with a statistically significant in was circumference. Meanwhile, this study also indicated a significant difference between the sex and smoking status with circumference. It is suggested to employees to start controlling food intake and lifestyle."

"Prevalensi obesitas di Indonesia menunjukkan peningkatan yang bermakna dari tahun ke tahun, termasuk di dalamnya prevalensi obesitas sentral yang dapat diukur melalui lingkar pinggang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan desain potong lintang yang bertujuan untuk melihat korelasi antara asupan energi total, asupan lemak, dan lingkar pinggang dengan kadar HbA1c pada obesitas. Penelitian dilakukan di kantor Balai Kota DKI Jakarta dari akhir bulan November sampai Desember 2013. Pengambilan subyek dilakukan dengan cara consecutive sampling, didapatkan 47 subyek yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Karakteristik subyek yang diambil adalah usia, jenis kelamin dan indeks massa tubuh (IMT). Variabel data yang diteliti adalah asupan energi total, asupan lemak, lingkar pinggang, dan kadar HbA1c. Hasil penelitian didapatkan subyek terbanyak berusia antara 36-50 tahun (93,6%), sebagian besar berjenis kelamin perempuan sebanyak 27 subyek (57,4%), dan sebanyak 35 subyek (74,5%) termasuk kategori obes I, karena sebagian besar subyek berada pada rentang usia 36 sampai 50 tahun, maka selanjutnya analisis data dan pembahasan dilakukan pada 44 subyek dengan rentang usia tersebut. Asupan energi total 32 subyek (72,7%) dibawah AKG (˂ 70% AKG). Median (min-maks) asupan energi total adalah sebesar 1225,8(766,0-4680) kkal. Sebagian besar subyek penelitian mengonsumsi lemak lebih dari persentase KET yang dianjurkan yaitu sebanyak 42 orang subyek (95,5%). Seluruh subyek laki-laki dan sebagian besar subyek perempuan (84%) memiliki LP lebih. Rerata kadar HbA1c pada subyek laki-laki adalah 6,3±0,2% dan perempuan 6,3±0,3%, dan hampir sebagian besar (68,2%) memiliki kadar HbA1c berisiko tinggi. Terdapat korelasi negatif tidak bermakna antara asupan energi total dengan kadar HbA1c pada subyek laki-laki (r=-0,15, p=0,536) dan korelasi positif tidak bermakna pada subyek perempuan (r=0,28, p=0,898). Korelasi negatif tidak bermakna dijumpai antara asupan lemak dengan kadar HbA1c pada seluruh subyek (r=-0,06, p=0,687). Korelasi positif tidak bermakna antara lingkar pinggang dengan kadar HbA1c terdapat pada seluruh subyek (r=0,18, p=0,236).

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The prevalence of obesity in Indonesia is increasing and also the prevalence of central obesity which can be measured by waist circumference. The aim of this cross sectional study was to find the correlation between total energy intake, fat intake, and waist circumference with HbA1c levels in obes subject. Data collection was conducted during November to December 2013 in the institution of Balaikota DKI Jakarta. The subjects was obtained by consecutive sampling, and 47 subjects who meet study criteria were enrolled in this study. The data collection were characteristics of the subjects including age, gender and body mass index (BMI), as well as total energy intake, fat intake, waist circumference, and HbA1c levels.

The results showed the highest age between 36-50 years (93.6%), majority of the subjects were female (57.4%), and catagorized as obese I (74.5%). Because most of the subjects were in the range of age 36 to 50 years, the data analysis and discussion conducted on 44 subjects. Most of the subject had total energy intake under RDI requirements, i.e., 13 people (68.4 %) of male and 19 subjects (76%) of female subjects. Most of the subjects (42 subjects, 95.5%) had fat intake over recommended percentage of total energy requirement. All of the male and most of female subjects (84%) have waist circumference greater than the normal criteria. Mean of HbA1c levels were 6.3±0.2%, for male subjects and almost the same levels for female subjects, while 68.2% of the subjects were categorized as high risk. The were no significant negative correlation between total energy intake and HbA1c levels in male subjects (r =-0.15, p=0,536) and no significant in female subjects (r=0.28, p=0.898). There were no significant negative correlation between fat intake and HbA1c levels in all subjects (r=-0.06, p=0.687), while non significant positive correlation between waist circumference and HbA1c levels were found in all subjects (r=0.18, p=0.236)."

"Latar belakang : Obesitas merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya sindroma metabolik. Skipping breakfast adalah salah satu kebiasaan makan yang berhubungan dengan obesitas dan sindroma metabolik. Penelitian pada populasi obes yang melihat hubungan antara kadar trigliserida dan lingkar pinggang dengan skipping breakfast belum ditemukan.Tujuan : Diketahuinya hubungan antara kadar trigliserida dan lingkar pinggang penyandang obes dengan kebiasaan skipping breakfast.Metode : Desain potong lintang pada laki-laki dan perempuan usia 20?50 tahun, IMT ≥ 25 kg/m2. Pengambilan subyek dengan consecutive sampling. Pengumpulan data dengan wawancara, pemberian catatan kebiasaan makan selama 1 minggu, pengukuran antropometri dan pemeriksaan laboratorium.Hasil : Rerata usia subyek 36,76 ± 7,68 tahun, 38% memiliki kebiasaan skipping breakfast, dan 59% subyek adalah perempuan. Asupan energi total harian, karbohidrat, lipid dan protein kelompok skipping breakfast dan sarapan tidak berbeda bermakna. Median kadar trigliserida 104 (37?383)mg/dL dan rerata lingkar pinggang (100,16±7,74cm) pada skipping breakfast lebih rendah dibandingkan sarapan (115,50 (50?764)mg/dL dan 102,72±8,87cm), namun tidak signifikan secara stastistik. Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara skipping breakfast dengan kadar trigliserida dan lingkar pinggang.Kesimpulan : Kebiasaan skipping breakfast tidak berhubungan dengan kadar trigliserida dan lingkar pinggang pada penyandang obes.

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Background: Obesity is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome. Skipping breakfast is one of eating pattern that related to obesity and metabolic syndrome. The study in obese to determine the association between tryglyceride and waist circumferance with skipping breakfast has not been found.

Objective: To determine the relationship between tryglyceride and waist circumference in obese with skipping breakfast.

Methods: A cross-sectional design in men and women aged 20-50 years, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Consecutive sampling, data collecting with interview, 1 week dietary record, anthropometry and laboratory.

Results: The mean age of subjects 36.76 ± 7.68 years, 38% had skipping breakfast, and 59% of the subjects were women. Daily intake of energy, carbohydrate, lipid and protein between breakfast and breakfast skipping group did not differ significantly. The median of triglyceride in skipping breakfast group were 104 (37-383) mg / dL and mean waist circumference 100.16 ± 7.74 cm, lower than breakfast group (115.50 (50-764) mg / dL and 102.72 ± 8.87 cm), but not significant. There was no significant association between skipping breakfast with triglyceride and waist circumference.

Conclusion: Skipping breakfast is not associated with triglyceride and waist circumference in obese subject."

"Leptin yang diketemukan oleh Zhang dan Friedman pada tahun 1994, dihasilkan oleh adiposit dan berhubungan dengan obesitas. Pada hewan coba, selain mempengaruhi homeostasis berat badan, leptin juga mempengaruhi metabolisme lipid pada jaringan perifer, seperti lipolisis dan lipogenesis. Peningkatan lipolisis dan penurunan lipogenesis menyebabkan peningkatan asam lemak bebas, yang kemudian diikuti oleh peningkatan konsentrasi trigliserida. Pada saat konsentrasi trigliserida tinggi, terjadi pembentukan small dense LDL, yang merupakan komponen dari dislipidemia aterogenik, terutama pada individu obes. Penelitian ini berusaha memperlihatkan perbedaan antara konsentrasi leptin dan profil lipid pada obes dan non-obes, dan terdapatnya hubungan antara leptin dan small dense LDL pada obesitas.Subyek: Berhasil dikumpulkan 297 laki-laki subyek penelitian, yang terdiri dari 205 subyek dengan obesitas sentral dan 92 subyek non-obes, yang presentase terbesar berusia antara 30-59 tahun. Variabel yang diamati pada penelitan ini antara lain, Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT), lingkar perut, konsentrasi leptin, trigliserida, asam lemak bebas, kolesterol LDL, ApoB, ratio kolesterol LDL dan ApoB, kolesterol HDL, glukosa puasa dan insulin.Metodologi: Penelitian ini menggunakan disain potong lintang, Hubungan antara leptin dengan variabel-variabel seperti IMT, lingkar perut, leptin, trigliserida asam lemak bebas, kolesterol LDL, ApoB, kolesterol HDL dan insulin dianalisis dengan unpaired Nest, dibandingkan antara kelompok obes sentral dan non-obes. Sedangkan hubungan antara leptin dan small dense LDL dianalisis dengan menggunakan regresi logistik.Pemeriksaan laboratorium dari tiap variabel dilakukan dengan metode antara lain, konsentrasi trigliserida dan asam lemak bebas diukur dengan metode kolorimetri enzimatik, kolesterol LDL dan kolesterol HDL diukur dengan metode homogenisasi. Konsentrasi insulin diukur dengan metode ELISA, kadar leptin diukur dengan metode immunoassay.Hasil dan Pembahasan: Terdapat perbedaan karateristik antara kelompok obes dan non-obes, antara lain plasma leptin lebih tinggi pada kelompok obes sentral dibandingkan dengan kelompok normal; 9,71 (1,92) ng/mL vs. 2,63 (2,09) ng/mL, (P<0,001); rerata trigliserida 159,1 (6,97) mg/dL vs. 119,4 (4,8) mg/dL; (P<0,001), asam lemak bebas 0,42 (0,01) mmol/L vs. 0,36 (0,02) mmol/L; (p=0,001), apoB 108,05 (21,1) mg/dL vs. 101,4 (20,4) mg/dL(p=0,012) juga lebih tinggi pada kelompok obes dibandingkan non-obes, kolesterol HDL lebih rendah pada kelompok obes yaitu 40,6 (1,2) mg/dL vs. 46,2 (1,2) mg/dL; (P<0,001). Sedangkan rerata kolesterol LDL tidak berbeda bermakna antara kelompok obes dan non-obes 138,9 (32,2) mg/dL vs. 137,8 (31,9) mg/dL; (P=0,792). Pada subyek dengan Inleptin < 7,5 pg/mL (1,8 ng/mL) peningkatan kemungkinan didapatkannya small dense LDL sebesar 5,92 kali dibandingkan dengan subyek dengan lnleptin > 9,87 pg/mL (19,34 ng/mL).Penentuan indeks massa tubuh sebagai kriteria obesitas; penelitian ini memperkuat pendapat untuk menggunakan kriteria Asia Pasifik (1MT > 25 kg/m2) sebagai klasifikasi indeks massa tubuh (IMT) untuk populasi orang Indonesia.Hubungan lingkar perut dengan small dense LDL, leptin, IMT, dan HOMA-IR; Lingkar perut mempunyai korelasi yang baik dan bermakna secara statistik dengan konsentrasi leptin (r=0,72 dan P<0,05) dan HOMA-IR (r~0,53 dan P<0,05). Lingkar perut pada subyek dengan dan tanpa small dense LDL berbeda bermakna (P=0,016).Nilai normal konsentrasi leptin bagi IMT normal adalah 2,04 ng/mL dengan kisaran: 0,45 - 9,26 ng/mL. dan rerata konsentrasi leptin pada subyek obes sentral adalah 9,71 ng/mL dan subyek non-obes : 2,63 ng/mL.Resistensi dan defisiensi leptin pada obesitas; pada obesitas sentral dapat terjadi resistensi leptin atau defisiensi leptin dan mungkin ambang terjadinya resistensi leptin pada subyek penelitian ini lebih rendah (< 20 ng/mL) dibandingkan etnik Kaukasia.Peran enzim lipase hepatik (HL) pada pembentukan small dense LDL; hubungan peningkatan konsentrasi leptin dengan didapatkannya small dense LDL dapat dihubungkan dengan efek enzim lipase hepatik. Bila pengaruh leptin terhadap didapatkannya small dense LDL terjadi dengan bantuan enzim lipase hepatik (HL) sebagai katalisator dapat dibuktikan, maka akan memperkuat bukti adanya hubungan antara leptin dengan didapatkannya small dense LDL.Hipotesis baru penelitian ini adalah, leptin mempunyai efek inhibisi terhadap enzim lipase hepatik di hati, atau analog dengan efek inhibisi insulin terhadap enzim HSL pada adiposit.Hasil penelitian dibandingkan dengan penelitian lipid sebelumnya; hasil penelitian ini dapat membuktikan perbedaan leptin dan profil lipid, yaitu konsentrasi asam lemak bebas, trigliserida dan kolesterol HDL pada kelompok subyek obesitas sentral dan subyek non-obes. Beberapa penelitian sebelumnya memberikan hasil yang berbeda.Simpulan: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian pertama yang membandingkan konsentrasi leptin dan hubungannya dengan small dense LDL pada kelompok obes dan non-obes pada populasi di Indonesia maupun di dunia. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa konsentrasi leptin lebih tinggi secara bermakna pada kelompok obes sentral dibandingkan dengan kelompok non-obes, serta berhubungan secara bermakna dengan konsentrasi trigliserida, asam lemak bebas, apoB dan kolesterol HOL. Lebih jauh lagi, penelitian ini juga memperlihatkan hubungan antara leptin dan didapatkannya small dense LDL, di mana makin rendah leptin akan makin meningkatkan kemungkinan terdapatnya small dense LDL, Pada laki-laki dengan obesitas sentral, leptin berhubungan dengan prediksi didapatkannya small dense LDL. Leptin secara independen mempunyai efek protektif terhadap didapatkannya small dense LDL.

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Background: Leptin which is discovered by Zhang and Friedman (1994) is secreted by adipocytes and associated with obesity. In animals it has been shown that beside its effect on weight homeostasis, leptin also exerts peripheral effects that include lipid metabolism, i.e. lipogenesis and lipolysis. The results of studies on humans are conflicting. The increased lipolysis and decreased lipogenesis resulted in an increase synthesis of fatty acids which is followed by triglycerides. At a certain level of triglycerides, small dense LDL formation occur, an established component of atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (ALP). Leptin has been implicated in this process especially in central obese individuals. The aim of the study is to show that leptin and lipid levels are higher in central obese as compared to non-obese individuals and to investigate the relationship between leptin levels and small dense LDL in central obese individuals.

Subjects: A total of 297 male subjects comprising 205 central obese and 92 nonobese age 30-59 years were enrolled in the study. Variables under study includes body mass index (BMI), serum leptin, triglyceride, free fatty acids, LDL-cholesterol, apoB, LDL-cholesterollapoB ratio, HDL-cholesterol and insulin levels.

Methods: This is a cross sectional study. The correlation between leptin and some variables, such as body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, free fatty acids, LDL-cholesterol, apoB, LDL-cholesterollapoB ratio, HDL-cholesterol and insulin levels was analyzed by unpaired t-test. Correlation between leptin and small dense LDL was analyzed by logistic regression. Plasma tryglycerides and free fatty acids were measured by enzymatic colorimetry method; apoB by immunoturbidimetry, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol by homogenous method, insulin level by enzym-linked immunosorbent assay (BLISA), Plasma leptin was measured by immunoassay.

Results & Discussion: The characteristics between obese and nonobese subjects were different, such as mean plasma leptin levels were significantly higher in central obese than in nonobese individuals 9.71 (1.92) ng/mL vs. 2.63 (2.09) ng/mL, (P<0.001); mean triglycerides 159.1 (6.97) mg/dL vs. 119.4 (4.8) mg/dL; (P<0.001), free fatty acids 0.42 (0.01) mmol/L vs. 0.36 (0.02) mmol/L; (P=0.001), apoB 108.05 (21.1) mg/dL vs. 101.4 (20.4) mg/dL (P=0.012) were also higher in central obese than in nonobese individuals, and HDL-cholesterol is lower 40.6 (1.2) mg/dL vs. 46.2 (1.2) mg/dL; (P<0.001). LDL-cholesterol 138.9 (32.2) mg/dL vs. 137.8 (31.9) mg/dL (P=0.792). Among subjects with lnleptin < 7.5 pg/mL (L8 ng/mL) the risk of having small dense LDL increases by 5.92 times compared to subjects with lnleptin 9.87 pg/mL (19.34 ng/mL).

In regard to body mass index and the classification of obesity, the present study is in favor with the Asia Pacific classification and criteria for obesity, i.e. BMI > 25 kg/rn2 to be used for Indonesian population.

Relationship between waist circumferences, small dense LDL, leptin, BMI, dan HOMA-IR. There is a statistically significant strong relationship between waist circumference and leptin (r=0.72; P<0.05) and HOMA-IR P<0.05). Furthermore, mean of waist circumference differ significantly between subjects with and without small dense LDL (P=0.016).

Normal leptin levels for subjects with normal BMI is 2.04 ng/mL (range 0.45-9.26 ng/mL); and mean leptin levels for obese and nonobese were 9.71 and 2.63 ng/mL, respectively.

In regard to leptin resistance and leptin deficiency in obese subjects. Both leptin resistance and leptin dificiency is found in obese subjects, and the result indicate that leptin resistance in this population developed at lower leptin level (<20 ng/mL) as compared to Caucasian.

The possible role of hepatic lipase in small dense LDL formation. The relationship of increased leptin levels and the presence of small dense LDL could possibly be due to hepatic lipase (HL) effect. If the effect of leptin on small dense LDL formation is by way of HL as catalysator can be proven, this finding will then support the evidence of relationship between leptin and small dense LDL.

The hypothesis generated from the present study is that leptin inhibits the effect of HL in the liver in analogy with the inhibitory effect of insulin on HSL in the adipocyte.

Results arising from the present study support the view that leptin levels and lipid profile, i.e. free fatty acids, triglycerides, dan HDL cholesterol in obese differ from nonobese subjects, whereas other studies give different results.

Conclusion: This is the first study that compare leptin levels and determine the relationship between leptin and small dense LDL in central obese and nonobese male Indonesian subjects. The results showed that leptin levels are significantly higher in central obese as compared to nonobese individuals, and is correlated with triglycerides, free fatty acids, apoB and HDL-cholesterol in central obese individuals. Furthermore, this study also showed a relationship between leptin levels and small dense LDL in central obese individuals, in which lower leptin levels carries a higher probability of having more small dense LDL. Leptin has an independent protective effect for the occurrence of small dense LDL."

"[Latar belakang: Konsumsi MRDPG meningkat secara paralel dengan peningkatan prevalens obesitas di seluruh dunia sehingga diduga menjadi salah satu faktor risiko obesitas yang bermakna. Data di Indonesia terbatas. Tujuan: Mengetahui pola konsumsi MRDPG dan hubungannya dengan obesitas pada anak sekolah usia 10-12 tahun. Metode: Penelitian ini terdiri dari 2 tahap. Tahap I (studi potong lintang) didesain untuk mengetahui pola konsumsi MRDPG (total sampling). Uji hipotesis dilakukan pada Tahap II (studi kasus kontrol) secara purposive sampling (subjek obes dan gizi baik) dengan matching (usia dan jenis kelamin). MRDPG yang diteliti adalah soda, fruit drink, sport drink, energy drink, teh manis, dan kopi instan/siap saji. Konsumsi MRDPG dinilai dengan semi kuantitatif FFQ yang telah divalidasi sebelumnya. Pemeriksaan antropometri dilakukan dengan cara standar sesuai protokol. Risiko obes karena konsumsi MRDPG dianalisis dengan conditional logistic regression bersama dengan faktor perancu. Hasil: Sebanyak 421 dan 182 subjek memenuhi kriteria penelitian tahap I dan II. Proporsi subjek yang mengonsumsi MRDPG adalah 92,2% dan 63,9% di antaranya mengonsumsi 1 kali atau lebih setiap hari. Konsumsi MRDPG pada anak lelaki lebih banyak dibandingkan perempuan (P<0,001). Rerata konsumsi MRDPG berdasarkan volume, kalori, dan gula tambahan adalah 348 ml, 117 kkal, dan 26,6 gram per hari (≈ 5 sdt gula pasir setiap hari). Kontribusi kalori terbesar adalah teh manis dan yang terkecil soda. Subjek mengonsumsi MRDPG di antara 2 waktu makan dan di semua tempat. Setelah mengontrol faktor perancu, subjek yang mengonsumsi MRDPG 1 kali atau lebih setiap hari memiliki risiko obes sebesar 2,54 kali (RO 2,54; IK 95% 1,07-6,05; P=0,03). Risiko tersebut bertambah sebesar 45% untuk setiap konsumsi 1 porsi (RO 1,45; IK 95% 1,08-1,94; P=0,01)(1 porsi=240 ml). Teh manis dan kopi instan/siap saji menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna dengan obesitas. Simpulan: Pola konsumsi MRDPG pada anak sekolah usia 10-12 tahun mengkhawatirkan. Semakin sering seorang anak mengonsumsi MRDPG, semakin besar kemungkinannya menjadi obes;Background: there is a global parallel increased between SSB consumption and obesity prevalence. Therefore, SSB consumption has been hypotized as one of risk factors of obesity. Limited data found in Indonesia. Aim: to describe the pattern of SSBs consumption and its association with obesity in school children age 10-12 years old. Method: a two phase study has been studied. Phase I (a cross sectional study) was designed to describe the pattern of SSB consumption as a total sampling. Hypotesis test was done in phase II (a case control study) as a purposive sampling (obese and healthy weight subjects) with individual matching (sex and age) between groups. SSBs were include reguler soda, fruit drink, sport drink, energy drink, sweat tea, and instant/ready to drink coffee. SSBs consumption were measured with a previously validated FFQ. Anthropometrical measures were taken using standardize protocol. Obesity risk related to SSB consumption was assesed together with confounding factors in a conditional logistic regression multivariate analysis. Result: There were 421 and 182 subjects fullfilled the criteria of study in phase I and II. The proportion of subject to consume SSBs was 92,2% and 63,9% of them consumed it one or more daily. Boys were more in drinking SSBs than girls (P<0,001). Mean of SSBs consumption based on volume, calories, and added-sugar were 348 ml, 117 kkal, and 26,6 gram per day (≈ 5 tsp of table sugar per day). The highest contribution of energy was found in sweat tea and the lowest was soda. All subjects consumed SSBs between 2 time meal at all place. After controling the confounding factors, We found a risk of obesity related to SSB consumption as 2,54 higher (RO 2,54; 95% CI 1,07-6,05; P=0,003) if they drank SSBs one or more daily. Besides, each additional daily serving was associated with a 45% relative increased in the risk of obesity (RO 1,45; 95% CI 1,08-1,94; P=0,01)(1 serving=240 ml). Sweat tea and instant/ready to drink coffee were significantly associated with obesity in this study. Conclusion: The pattern of SSBs consumption in school children age 10-12 years old is concerned. The more frequent in drinking SSBs the more likely a child to become obese., Background: there is a global parallel increased between SSB consumption and obesity prevalence. Therefore, SSB consumption has been hypotized as one of risk factors of obesity. Limited data found in Indonesia. Aim: to describe the pattern of SSBs consumption and its association with obesity in school children age 10-12 years old. Method: a two phase study has been studied. Phase I (a cross sectional study) was designed to describe the pattern of SSB consumption as a total sampling. Hypotesis test was done in phase II (a case control study) as a purposive sampling (obese and healthy weight subjects) with individual matching (sex and age) between groups. SSBs were include reguler soda, fruit drink, sport drink, energy drink, sweat tea, and instant/ready to drink coffee. SSBs consumption were measured with a previously validated FFQ. Anthropometrical measures were taken using standardize protocol. Obesity risk related to SSB consumption was assesed together with confounding factors in a conditional logistic regression multivariate analysis. Result: There were 421 and 182 subjects fullfilled the criteria of study in phase I and II. The proportion of subject to consume SSBs was 92,2% and 63,9% of them consumed it one or more daily. Boys were more in drinking SSBs than girls (P<0,001). Mean of SSBs consumption based on volume, calories, and added-sugar were 348 ml, 117 kkal, and 26,6 gram per day (≈ 5 tsp of table sugar per day). The highest contribution of energy was found in sweat tea and the lowest was soda. All subjects consumed SSBs between 2 time meal at all place. After controling the confounding factors, We found a risk of obesity related to SSB consumption as 2,54 higher (RO 2,54; 95% CI 1,07-6,05; P=0,003) if they drank SSBs one or more daily. Besides, each additional daily serving was associated with a 45% relative increased in the risk of obesity (RO 1,45; 95% CI 1,08-1,94; P=0,01)(1 serving=240 ml). Sweat tea and instant/ready to drink coffee were significantly associated with obesity in this study. Conclusion: The pattern of SSBs consumption in school children age 10-12 years old is concerned. The more frequent in drinking SSBs the more likely a child to become obese.]"

"Latar Belakang: Obesitas menjadi faktor risiko independen dan faktor prognostik pada kanker payudara primer. Jaringan lemak berlebih akan meningkatkan kadar estrogen dalam darah, sehingga memicu proliferasi sel kanker, terutama sel dengan reseptor estrogen dan progesteron yang positif. Belum ada studi mengenai hubungan antara obesitas dengan karakteristik reseptor hormon kanker payudara primer di Indonesia. Metode: Kami mengumpulkan kasus kanker payudara primer yang terdiagnosis dan menjalani pemeriksaan imunohistokimia di RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo tahun 2017. Subyek kemudian dikelompokkan menjadi kelompok obesitas dan nonobesitas. Karakteristik ER dan PR kedua kelompok dibandingkan. Hasil dan Diskusi: Kami memperoleh 202 kasus kanker payudara primer, dengan 89 kasus (44%) obesitas dan 113 kasus (56%) non-obesitas. Rerata IMT dari subyek adalah 24,45 (SD±4,3). Kedua kelompok seragam dari segi usia, status menopause, stadium, gambaran histopatologis, dan derajat keganasan. Tidak didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara obesitas dengan ER maupun PR. Dilakukan analisis korelasi antara IMT dengan persentase ekspresi reseptor hormon, namun tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna. Hasil ini berbeda dengan studi lainnya. Perbedaan hasil dapat disebabkan oleh perbedaan karakteristik subyek dan faktor lain yang dapat mempengaruhi ekspresi reseptor hormon. Kesimpulan: Tidak didapatkan hubungan antara obesitas dan karakteristik reseptor hormon kanker payudara primer RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo tahun 2017.Backgrounds: Obesity is an independent risk factor and prognostic factor of primary breast cancer. Abundant adipose tissue would lead to increment of blood estrogen level, thus promoting proliferation of cancer cell, especially those with positive estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR). No previous study explained the association between obesity and hormone receptor characteristics of primary breast cancer in Indonesia. Methods: We collected cases of primary breast cancer which are diagnosed and undergone immunohistochemistry examination at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital in 2017. The subjects were divided into obese group and non-obese group. The ER and PR characteristics of both groups were compared. Result and Discussion: We collected 202 cases of primary breast cancer, with 89 cases (44%) in obese group and 113 cases (56%) in non-obese group. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the subjects was 24,45 (SD±4,3). Both groups were similar in terms of age, menopausal status, stage, histopathological morphology and grade. No significant association was found between obesity and ER or PR. We analysed correlation between BMI and the percentage of expressed hormone receptor, but no correlation was found. This finding did not conform with other Western studies. Difference in characteristics of the subjects and other hormonal factors might contribute to the outcome. Conclusion: There was no association between obesity and hormone receptor characteristics of primary breast cancer at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital in 2017."

"Latar Belakang: Obesitas merupakan beban berat terhadap kesehatan di seluruh dunia. Salah satu cara menangani obesitas adalah dengan latihan fisik. Namun untuk beberapa populasi khusus seperti osteoartritis, keefektifan latihan fisik perlu dipertanyakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terapi latihan fisik selama enam minggu efektif dalam menurunkan lingkar pinggang pada pasien obesitas dengan osteoartritis lutut. Subyek: Subyek dari penilitian ini adalah pasien wanita dengan osteoartritis lutut dan obesitas yang mengunjungi Klinik Obesitas di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangun Kusumo. Studi ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diambil dari status pasien lewat rekam medis. Sebanyak 35 pasien digunakan dalam studi ini. Metode: Studi ini merupakan studi deskriptif dengan satu kelompok dan membandingkan karakteristik sebelum dan sesudah intervensi. Data yang diambil dari rekam medis berupa lingkar pinggang, umur, metode pembayaran, berat badan, tinggi badan dan indeks masa tubuh. Data yang diambil merupakan data sebelum dan sesudah terapi latihan. Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Hasil penelitian menunjukan penrurunan signifikan di lingkar pinggang setelah enam minggu terapi p<0.05 (p=0.001) biarpun tidak ada korelasi positif antara lingkar pinggang awal dan penurunan lingkar pinggang p<0.05 (p=0.54). Penelitian ini membuktikan terapi latihan enam minggu efektif dalam menurunkan lingkar pinggang.

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Background: Obesity had become a major burden all over the world. One approach of managing obesity is done by physical exercise. However, for certain population such as osteoarthritis, physical exercise efficaciousness is questionable. This study is devised to examine how effective a therapeutic exercise which is held for six weeks in reducing the waist circumference of obese patient with knee osteoarthritis.

Subjects: All of the subjects are female patients who visited Obesity Clinic in Cipto Mangun Kusumo Hospital and diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis along with obesity. This study uses secondary data obtained from the patients’ status from the medical record. Total of 35 subjects are included in this study.

Methods: This is a descriptive study which has one group with pre-test and post-test design. Subject’s baseline characteristics including waist circumference, age, body weight, body height and payment method are collected along with the data after the program had been completed.

Results and Conclusion: Result shows significant changes in waist circumference after the six weeks therapeutic exercise p<0.05 (p=0.001) however there is no positive correlation between initial waist circumference with the total loss of waist circumference p<0.05 (p=0.54). This study shows that six weeks therapeutic exercise is effective in reducing the waist circumference of the patient."