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"This study investigetes socioeconomic, cultural. demographic and programmatic factors influencing contraceptive choice in Indonesia using the 1987 National Indonesia contraceptive prevalence suvey (DHS) data. The study shows a consistency of factors affecting current method used across the two surveys using Bulatoo's conceptual scheme (1989). These factors are the number of living children, fertility intentions, age at survey, duration of marriage, education, current work status, relagion, the province and place of residence,whether a programme implementer visits in the six months before the survey, whether a woman has reguler access to the mass media and her husband's accupation. Higher number of living children and not wanting any more children are related to a greater choice of long-term methods and less choice of shprt-term; and traditional methods-results compatible with a greater need for limiting childbird rather than spacing, Religiousness is identified with greater preference for short-term methods as these methods can be used by the users themselves without having to see a male doctor. Access in related to preference for long methods. The preference in the rural areas for long-term methods in fact is higher than in the urban areas, resulting from the strong promotion and provision of these methods there."

"This study investigates socioeconomic, cultural, demographic and programmatic factors influencing contraceptive choice in Indonesia using the 1987 National Indonesia Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (NICPS) and 1991 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data. The study shows a consistency of factors affecting current method used across the two surveys using Bulatao's conceptual scheme (1989). These factors are the number of living children, fertility intentions, age at survey, duration of marriage, education, current work status, religion, the province and place of residence, whether a programme implementer visits in the six months before the survey; whether a woman has regular access to the mass media and her husband 's occupation. Higher number of living children and not wanting any more children are related to a greater choice of long-term methods and less choice of short-term; and traditional methods-results compatible with a greater need for limiting childbirth rather than spacing. Religiousness is identified with greater preference for short-ten-n methods as these methods can be used by the users themselves without having to see a male doctor. Access is related to preference for long-term methods. The preference in the rural areas for long- term methods in fact is higher than in the urban areas, resulting from the strong promotion and provision of these methods there."

"This paper is housed on contraceptive switching in indonesia. Since a woman might use more than one method of contraception during her reproductive period she can contribute more than one contraceptive use interval to the data. Some studies of contraceptive switching have used statistical techniques which assume independence between switching but this assumption can be violated because the likelihood of switching might be correlated. Hence contraceptive switching varies not only across groups of contraceptive users but also across contraceptive users with the same socioeconomic characteristics. Hence the consequences of this contraceptive users' eject for the relationship between socioeconomic. demographic and contraceptive-related characteristics of users and contraceptive switching in indonesia is analysed through the use of random-ejects logistic models. The data used for the analysis is from the 1991 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. The findings confirm the results of previous studies that a number of socioeconomic and demographic factors influence the likelihood of switching contraception. Among these factors. contraceptive-related /actors such as the method being used before switching, the duration of use at switching and the reason for switching, affect contraceptive switching most. The results also indicate that there is correlation between intervals for the same woman. This implies that there are other factors which have not been observed and contribute to the differentials of switching contraception across women with the saute socioeconomic characteristics."

"The role of contraceptive use dynamics in shaping the contraceptiveprevalence structure and ht determining its impact on fertility becomesincreasingly important for family planning program, policy mailers andprogram managers. Relatively few analyses of contraceptive use dynamicsexist for developing countries. The lack of _ such studies is that the datarequired are not often collected. This article is intended to _,fill in the gaps byanalyzing the five-year calendar data derived from the I994 IndonesiaDemographic and Health Survey (1994 DHS). The five year calendar data oncontraceptive use, pregnancy, termination and reason for discontinuation ofcontraceptive use analyzed using the life table methodologies providemeaningful insight on the quality of contraceptive use in Indonesia. It is foundthat the median duration of use is longest for the IUD and implant, whileshortest lor condom/intravag. About 27 percent of all Indonesia contraceptiveusers discontinue the use of their chosen method within a year. The reasonsfor discontinuation vary across subgroups of women. Method failure isassociated more with discontinuation of traditional method, while method-related reasons such as health concern or inconvenience of use are morelikely to be associated with discontinuation of modern method mainly lUDs,injectables and implants. There are more important factors that differentiatewomen on discontinuation qt' contraception e.g., area of residence, regioneducation, age, and contraceptive intent. These findings on discontinuationenabled the family planning program to provide more realistic and focusedservices to their clients. In conclusion, this analysis emphasizes theimportance of examining the quality of contraceptive use in Indonesia toachieve greater appreciation of the factors that affect contraceptivediscontinuation, switching behavior, and use:;i:i'lure. Special attention shouldhe addressed to health concerns as an important issue for the most popularmodern methods and to the minority of women who discontinue use within ayear and do not switch to another method."

"Program Keluarga Berencana selama ini telah berkontribusi dalam penurunan fenilitas di Indonesia dan semakin lama prevalensinya semakin meningkat. Peningkatan prevalcnsi pemakaian kontrasepsi yang diikuti oleh penunman angka fertilitas mengindikasikan bahwa di antara dua indikator tersebut memiliki hubungan yang sangat erat. Pencapaian TFR di Indonesia berdasarkan SDKI 2007 ternyata lebih rendah dari yang diharapkan jika. merujuk pada pencapaian CPR-nya. Kondisi ini membawa Indonesia mengalami deiisit fertilitas, yaitu suatu kondisi pencapaian angka fertilitas yang lebih rendah daripada angka fertilitas yang diharapkan. Terjadinya defisit ini diduga karena pemakaian kontrasepsi yang makin efektif dan berlangsung lame, sehingga dugaan tersebut perlu diteliti lebih lanjut. Melalui studi ini, ingin dipelajari pengaruh efektivitas pemakaian kontrasepsi dalam penurunan fertilitas dan kelangsungan pemakaian kontrasepsi berdasarkan karakteristik tingkat pendidikan, aktivitas pekerjaan, daerah tempat tinggal, tingkat kekayaan, mnur, tingkat PDRB, dan rasio fasilitas kesehatan per pasangan usia subur. Dengan mengglmakan regresi multinomial logistik dan regresi Cox, ingin dilihat kcoenderungan pemakaian alat/metodc kontrasepsi dan detenninan kelangsungan pemakaian kontrasepsi. Metode kontrasepsi jangka panjang (MKJP) ternyata masih merupakan metode yang lebih efelctif dibandingkau dengan metode lainnya. Efektivitas yang terjadi ternyata lebih efektif dari yang diduga dan sangat berkontribusi atas texjadinya deiisit fertilitas di Indonesia. Adapun karakteristik yang memiliki kecenderungan untuk menggunakan MKJP ialah mereka yang berpendidikan menengah kc atas, bekezja, tinggal di perkotaan, tingkat kekayaannya linggi, berumur 35 tahun ke atas, daerahnya kurang maju, dan rasio fasilitas kesehaian per PUS-nya makin tinggi. Karakteristik yang lebih cepat mcngalami diskontinu adalah wanita yang menggunakan non MKJP atau metode tradisional, berpendidikan menengah ke atas, tidak bekelja, tinggal di perkotaan, tingkat kekayaannya tinggi, berumur kurang dari 35 tahun, daerahnya kurang maju, dan rasio fasilitas kesehatan per PUS-nya makin tinggi.

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Family Plarming Program has been contributed to decreasing number of fertility in Indonesia. Increasing prevalence of contraceptive use which was followed by decreasing number of fertility rate indicated strong association between the two indicators. It was reported in IDHS 2007 that TFR in Indonesia was lower than expected seeing 'fiom achieved contraceptive use. This condition brought deficit of fertility in Indonesia. Later, it was guess that deficit of fertility was caused by e&`e ctiveness and longer duration of contraceptive use.

The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of effectiveness of contraceptive use toward fertility and to investigate influences of factors such as level of education, working status, place of residence, wealth status, age, GDP and ratio of health care facility and couple of child bearing age toward continuation of contraceptive use. Multinomial logistic and Cox Regression were used to examine the association.

Result of the analysis showed that long term contraceptive method was the most etfective method. The eiectiveness measured was more effective than it was expected and gave much contribution toward deiicit of fertility in Indonesia. The used of long term contraceptive method were high among those couples who were 35-49 years of ae, at least middle level of education, worked, lived in urban area, high socio economic status, lived in developing area, higher ratio of health care facilities and couple of child bearing age. Prevalence of discontinuation were high among those who were used traditional method and non long term method, at least middle level of education, not worked, lived in urban area, high socio economic status, 15-34 years of age, lived in developing area, high ratio of health care facility and couple of child bearing age."

"Fertilitas di Indonesia cenderung stagnan diangka 2,6 dan tidak memenuhi target nasional RPJMN 2015 sebesar 2,1. Tingginya TFR menyebabkan meningkatnya CBR yang berdampak terhadap IPM Indonesia sehingga diperlukan upaya pengendalian kelahiran untuk menghindari timbulnya permasalahan lainnya. Kontrasepsi dipercaya sebagai salah satu cara untuk menekan angka kelahiran. Namun CPR Indonesisa ditahun 2015 cenderung menurun diangka 59,68. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membuktikan variabel yang mempengaruhi penggunaan dan pemilihan kontrasepsi di Indonesia dengan menentukan model estimasi yang sesuai untuk menilai karakteristik pengguna kontraseps. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross sectional menggunakan data IFLS 5 tahun 2014/2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan ekonometrika dengan model analisis Multinomial Logistick Regression. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan kontrasepsi MKJP adalah pendidikan (1,89%), pekerjaan (1,96%), pendapatan (80,32%), paritas (2,06%), wilayah tempat tinggal (1,78%), jumlah anak (2,21%) dan pangambil keputusan penggunaan kontrasepsi dirumah tangga (2,33%). Faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan non MKJP adalah umur (17,1%), jumlah anak (5,69%), pangambil keputusan penggunaan kontrasepsi dirumah tangga (9,98%). Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa faktor sosial ekonomi, demorafi, norma dan lingkungan/peayanan kesehatan berpengaruh dalam penggunaan kontrasespi di Indonesia Kata kunci: Fertilitas, CBR, Kontrasepsi

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Fertility in Indonesia provides stagnant at 2.6 and does not meet the national target of RPJMN 2015 of 2.1. The high TFR causes CBR to create an impact on the Indonesian HDI so that birth control efforts are needed to realize other incidents. Contraception is believed to be one way of rotating birth rates. However, CPR Indonesisa in 2015 can decrease diangka 59.68. The purpose of this study is to prove the variables that influence the use and choice of contraceptives in Indonesia by determining the appropriate model for assessing user characteristic. This research is a cross sectional study using IFLS 5 data 2014/2015. This research uses econometric approach with Multinomial Logistick Regression analysis model. From the result of the research, the risk factors that influence the use of MKJP contraception are education (1.89%), occupation (1.96%), income (80.32%), parity (2.06%), residence area (1, 78%), number of children (2.21%) and decision making of household contraceptive use (2.33%). The probability of factors affecting the non-MKJP usage is age (17.1%), number of children (5.69%), decision making of household contraceptive use (9.98%). So it can be concluded that socio-economic factors, demography, norms and environment/health services have an effect on the use of contrasespi in Indonesia."

"Penggunaan kontrasepsi Suntik dan Pil terus meningkat dibandingkan penggunaImplan dan IUD. Masalah alat kontrasepsi adalah kejadian putus pakai dan ganticara salah satunya disebabkan oleh efek samping penggunaan alat kontrasepsi yangberdampak pada stagnan angka Total Fertility Rate, mortalitas morbiditas maternalneonatal serta kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan. Penelitian bertujuan untukmengetahui pengaruh pengalaman efek samping alat kontrasepsi sebelumnyaterhadap kejadian putus pakai alat kontrasepsi terakhir. Desain penelitian ini adalahdesain penelitian cohort retrospectif, dengan menggunakan analisis survival danjumlah sampel 12.467 responden. Hasil penelitian, pada pengguna IUD memilikirisiko kecepatan lebih rendah untuk putus pakai pada lebih 36 bulan dan penggunaPil memiliki risiko kecepatan lebih rendah pada sosial ekonomi miskin padapengguna dengan pengalaman efek samping alat kontrasepsi sebelumnya. Padapengguna Suntik memiliki risiko kecepatan putus pakai lebih tinggi pada tahun kedua. Pada pengguna Implan risiko lebih rendah pada tahun pertama, ketiga dankeempat namun secara statistik tidak bermakna. Perlu pencatatan kohor penggunaImplan setelah satu tahun, pengguna IUD setelah tiga tahun, pengguna Suntiksetelah satu tahun dan pengguna Pil pada tingkat Sosial Ekonomi Miskin agarpengguna alat kontrasepsi tersebut tidak mengalami putus pakai.

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The use of Injectable contraceptives and Pills continues to increase compared to users of Implans and IUDs. The problem of contraception is the incidence of discontinuation and change the way one of them is caused by the side effects of contraceptive use that affect the stagnant number of Total Fertility rate, mortality of neonatal maternal morbidity and unwanted pregnancy. The study aims to determine the effect of previous contraceptive side effects experiences on the last use of contraceptive use. The design of this study was a cohort retrospectif study design,using survival analysis and sample number of 12.467 respondents. The results of the study, on IUD users had lower risk risk for breaking out at over 36 months and users of Pills had lower risk risk in poor socioeconomic in users with previous experience of contraceptive side effects. Injecting users have the risk of breaking speed is higher in the second year. In users of Implan risk is lower in the first year,third and fourth but statistically not meaningful. Recording of user cohorts Implans after one year, IUD users after three years, injection users after one year and users of Pill at the level of Poor Social Economics, so that users of contraceptive continuation."

"Lupus eritematosus sistemik (LES) meningkatkan risiko komplikasi kehamilan, dengan risiko kematian ibu meningkat 20 kali lipat. Maka, perencanaan dan pemantauan kehamilan yang ketat, dengan penggunaan kontrasepsi dan konseling kontrasepsi, harus dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan meneliti faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pengetahuan, sikap, perilaku pasien LES terhadap penggunaan dan konseling kontrasepsi. Studi dengan desain potong lintang ini merekrut perempuan usia 18 sampai 50 tahun yang terdiagnosis LES. Perempuan yang sudah melakukan sterilisasi, menopause, dan sedang hamil tidak dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini. Kuesioner yang digunakan disusun melalui proses wawancara elisitasi dan uji reliabilitas. Penelitian ini melibatkan 114 pasien LES dengan median (IQR) usia 30,5 (25; 38,25) tahun. Mayoritas subjek memiliki pengetahuan rendah terhadap penggunaan kontrasepsi (89,5%) dan konseling kontrasepsi (75,4%). Hanya 32% subjek yang aktif berhubungan seksual menggunakan kontrasepsi secara efektif dan pernah menerima konseling kontrasepsi. Pengetahuan penggunaan kontrasepsi berhubungan dengan pendidikan (p=0,007). Sikap penggunaan kontrasepsi (p=0,012) dan penggunaan kontrasepsi yang efektif (p=0,015) berhubungan dengan usia. Pengetahuan konseling kontrasepsi berhubungan dengan pendidikan (p=0,011) dan sosial ekonomi (p=0,014). Sikap konseling kontrasepsi berhubungan dengan usia (p=0,045) dan pengetahuan (p<0,001). Penerimaan konseling kontrasepsi berhubungan dengan riwayat kehamilan (p=0,04) dan pengetahuan (p=0,004). Usia berhubungan dengan perilaku penggunaan kontrasepsi. Riwayat kehamilan dan pengetahuan berhubungan dengan penerimaan konseling kontrasepsi.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) increases the risk of pregnancy complications, with a 20-fold increase in maternal mortality. Therefore, strict pregnancy planning and monitoring, involving contraception use and contraceptive counseling, are necessary. This study aims to investigate factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, practices of SLE patients toward contraception use and contraceptive counseling. This cross-sectional study recruited women aged 18 to 50 diagnosed with SLE. Women who was sterile, reached menopause, or were currently pregnant were not included. The questionnaire used was developed through elicitation interviews and reliability testing. This study involved 114 patients with a median (IQR) age of 30.5 (25; 38.25) years. Most had low knowledge of contraception (89.5%) and contraceptive counseling (75.4%). Only 32% of sexually active individuals used contraception effectively and received counseling. Contraceptive knowledge showed association with education (p=0.007). Attitudes towards contraception (p=0.012) and effective contraception use (p=0.015) were associated with age. Contraceptive counseling knowledge was associated with education (p=0.011) and socioeconomic status (p=0.014). Attitudes towards contraceptive counseling were associated with age (p=0.045) and knowledge (p<0.001). Receipt of contraceptive counseling was associated with pregnancy history (p=0.04) and knowledge (p=0.004). Age is associated with effective contraception use, whereas pregnancy history and knowledge are associated with receipt of counseling. "

"There are much research in health sector this time. Some research have goal to asses exposure effect to outcome. Researcher often use regresssion. Regression is a convensional multivariate analysis. Conventional multivariable analyses may not always be the ideal method for estimating treatment effects in observational studies. When there are large differences in the distribution of covariates between treatment groups, adjusting for these differences with conventional multivariable techniques may not adequately balance the groups, and the remaining bias may limit valid causal inference. Adjusted use in the end of regression analysis, some of scientis believe that adjustment can be show. Goal of this research is to compare the result of convensional multiariate analysis versus propensity score matching analysis in case study of infant immunizanon using Data ASUI-I KAP2 2003. The comparison will use the same model, that make model according logistic regression. Model which be compare is model without interaction ariabel. Modell will be analised with propensity score matching. Result of research is there is different betwen Odds Ratio from logistic regwession analysis and Odds Ratio from propensity score matching analysis. The value OR from logistic regression is 0,9898, and the value OR from propensity score matching is 0,9656. Propensity score matching succes make matching 574 sample or 68,27%. The differen is not big bacause effect the confounder are not big. For look effect exposure ar risk factor model its better use PSM because it can reduce selection bias.if you want to analysis determinan factor model, where there are much independent vaiiabel its better use logistic regression analysis because the variabel have same position."

"ABSTRAKDeforestasi telah terjadi di kawasan Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat (TNKS). Apabila deforestasi terus terjadi di TNKS, maka akan berdampak negatif bagi kawasan TNKS sebagai ekosistem hutan dalam menjaga kestabilan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji laju deforestasi dan mengetahui faktor- faktor pendorong terjadinya deforestasi di TNKS selama jangka waktu duapuluh empat tahun yang terbagi menjadi empat priode pengamatan. Metode analisis penelitian menggunakan analisis spasial dan regresi logistik.Hasil penelitian menunjukan laju deforestasi yang terjadi di TNKS selama priode awal tahun sampai dengan priode ketiga mengalami penurunan, selanjutnya laju deforestasi kembali naik pada priode akhir. Sedangkan faktor pendorong secara bersama- sama berpangaruh terhadap deforestasi, namun terdapat beberapa faktor pendorong yang memiliki peranan penting terhadap kejadian deforestasi di TNKS, Kabupaten Kerinci dan Kota Sungai Penuh.

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ABSTRACTDeforestation has occurred in the Kerinci National Park area (TNKS). If deforestation continues at TNKS, it will have a negative impact for the region TNKS as forest ecosystems in maintaining the stability of the environment. This study aims to assess the rate of deforestation and identify factors driving deforestation in TNKS for a period of twenty-four years, divided into four observation period. Research analysis method using spatial analysis and logistic regression.The results showed the rate of deforestation in TNKS during the period up to the beginning of the third period decreased, further deforestation rates go up at the end of the period. While driving factors together influential to deforestation, but there are several driving factors that have an important role on the incidence of deforestation in TNKS, Kerinci District and Sungai Penuh City."