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"Metarhizium majus UICC 295 adalah kapang entomopatogen. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh penambahan tepung cangkang kerang hijau terhadap kemampuan M. majus UICC 295 menginfeksi larva O. rhinoceros dan viabilitas M. majus UICC 295 setelah dipreservasi dengan metode freezing pada suhu -80°C. Metarhizium majus UICC 295 pada medium Saboraud Dextrose with Yeast Extract Agar (SDYA) dengan penambahan tepung cangkang kerang hijau 10% (b/v) dapat membunuh larva O. rhinoceros 6,67%--100% dalam waktu 7--12 hari. Metarhizium majus UICC 295 pada medium SDYA dapat membunuh larva O. rhinoceros 3,33%--100% dalam waktu 7--11 hari. Metarhizium majus UICC 295 setelah dipreservasi selama 30 hari dalam gliserol 10% (v/v) dan dalam gliserol 10% (v/v) dengan glukosa 5% (v/v) tetap memiliki viabilitas. O. rhinoceros setelah dipreservasi selama 1 hari dalam gliserol 10% dan dalam gliserol 10% dengan glukosa 5% tetap memiliki viabilitas.

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Metarhizium majus UICC 295 is an entomopathogenic fungus. This research investigated the effect of green mussel shell powder on the pathogenicity of M. majus UICC 295 to infect O. rhinoceros larvae and investigated the viability of M. majus UICC 295 after preservation with freezing at -80°C. Metarhizium majus UICC 295 in Saboraud Dextrose Agar with Yeast Extract (SDAY) medium with 10% (w/v) green mussel shell powder caused 6.67%--100% larval mortality in 7--12 days. Metarhizium majus UICC 295 in SDAY medium caused 3.33%--100% larval mortality in 7--11 days. Metarhizium majus UICC 295 after being preserved for 30 days in 10% (v/v) glycerol and 10% (v/v) glycerol with 5% (v/v) glucose are still viable. Metarhizium majus UICC 295 on cadaver of O. rhinoceros larvae after being preserved for 1 day in 10% glycerol and 10% glycerol with 5% glucose are still viable."

"Metarhizium majus UICC 295 merupakan kapang entomopatogen yang mampu membunuh serangga. Penelitian bertujuan menguji pengaruh penambahan tepung cangkang kepiting 10% (b/v) pada medium Saboraud Dextrose with Yeast Extract Agar (SDYA) terhadap kemampuan M. majus UICC 295 dalam menginfeksi larva Oryctes rhinoceros serta mengetahui pengaruh freezing pada -80o C menggunakan gliserol 10% (v/v) dan gliserol 10% (v/v) dengan penambahan laktosa 5% (b/v). Metarhizium majus UICC 295 pada SDYA dengan penambahan tepung cangkang kepiting 10% mampu membunuh larva 100% dalam waktu 13 hari. Preservasi pada -80o C menggunakan akuades, gliserol 10% (v/v) dan gliserol 10% (v/v) dengan penambahan laktosa 5% (b/v) mampu mempertahankan viabilitas M. majus UICC 295 pada SDYA dan SDYA dengan penambahan tepung cangkang kepiting 10% (b/v). Metarhizium majus UICC 295 pada kadaver larva O. rhinoceros tetap viabel setelah dipreservasi pada suhu -80o C.

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Metarhizium majus UICC 295 is an entomopathogenic fungus with the ability to kill insects. This research investigated the effect of 10% (w/v) crab shell powder in Saboraud Dextrose Agar with Yeast Extract (SDAY) on the pathogenicity of M. majus UICC 295 to infect Oryctes rhinoceros larvae and to determine the effect of freezing at -80o C using 10% (v/v) glycerol and 10% (v/v) glycerol added with 5% (w/v) lactose. Metarhizium majus UICC 295 on SDAY added with 10% (w/v) crab shell powder caused 100% larval mortality within 13 days. Preservation at -80o C using 10% (v/v) glycerol and 10% (v/v) glycerol added with 5% (w/v) lactose maintained the viability of M. majus UICC 295 on SDAY and SDAY added with 10% (w/v) crab shell powder. Metarhizium majus UICC 295 on O. rhinoceros cadaver was viable after being preserved at -80o C."

"Metarhizium majus UICC 295 adalah kapang entomopatogen. Penelitian bertujuan menguji kemampuan M. majus UICC 295 pada medium Sabouraud Dextrose with Yeast Extract Agar (SDYA) dengan penambahan tepung kulit udang 10% (b/v) dalam menginfeksi larva Oryctes rhinoceros serta mengetahui pengaruh preservasi metode freezing pada suhu -80o C menggunakan protektan gliserol 10% (v/v) dan gliserol 10% (v/v) dengan penambahan sukrosa 5% (b/v). Metarhizium majus UICC 295 pada SDYA mampu membunuh larva 3,33%--100% dalam 7--11 hari dan dengan penambahan tepung kulit udang 10% membunuh larva 6,67%--40% dalam waktu 12--30 hari. Metarhizium majus UICC 295 pada medium SDYA tetap memiliki viabilitas setelah dipreservasi pada suhu -80o C menggunakan gliserol 10% dan gliserol 10% dengan penambahan sukrosa 5%. Metarhizium majus UICC 295 pada SDYA dengan penambahan kulit udang 10% kehilangan viabilitasnya setelah dipreservasi pada suhu -80o C. Metarhizium majus UICC 295 pada kadaver larva O. rhinoceros tetap memiliki viabilitas setelah dipreservasi pada suhu -80o C.

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Metarhizium majus UICC 295 is an entomopathogenic fungus. This research investigated the pathogenicity of M. majus UICC 295 from Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with Yeast Extract (SDAY) medium added with 10% (w/v) shrimp shell powder to infect Oryctes rhinorecos larvae, and to determine the effect of preservation with freezing method at -80o C with 10% (v/v) glycerol and 10% (v/v) glycerol with addition of 5% (w/v) sucrose as protectants. Application of M. majus UICC 295 from SDYA caused 3.33%--100% larval mortality within 7--11 days, whereas addition of 10% shrimp shell powder caused 6.67%--40% larval mortality within 12--30 days. Metarhizium majus UICC 295 from SDYA was viable after being preserved at -80o C with 10% glycerol and 10% glycerol with addition of 5% sucrose as cryoprotectant, M. majus UICC 295 from SDYA with addition of 10% shrimp shell powder lost its viability after being preserved at -80o C with both cryoprotectants. Metarhizium majus UICC 295 on O. rhinoceros cadaver was viable after being preserved at -80o C."

"Metarhizium majus UICC 295 adalah kapang entomopatogen. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh penambahan tepung jangkrik 10% (b/v) pada medium pertumbuhan M. majus UICC 295 terhadap kemampuan menginfeksi larva O. rhinoceros serta mengetahui pengaruh preservasi pada suhu -80o C menggunakan protektan gliserol 10% (v/v) dan gliserol 10% (v/v) dengan trehalosa 5% (b/v) terhadap viabilitas M. majus UICC 295. Konidia/hifa dari Saboraud Dextrose with Yeast Extract Agar (SDYA) dengan penambahan tepung jangkrik 10% (b/v) mampu membunuh larva 6,6--100% dalam 8--11 hari. Konidia/hifa yang dipreservasi selama 30 hari pada suhu -80o C menggunakan gliserol 10% (v/v) dan gliserol 10% (v/v) + trehalosa 5% (b/v) mengalami penurunan viabilitas. Konidia/hifa yang dipreservasi bersama kadaver larva selama 30 hari pada suhu -80o C menggunakan gliserol 10% (v/v) dan gliserol 10% (v/v) dengan trehalosa 5% (b/v) mampu dipertahankan viabilitasnya.

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Metarhizium majus UICC 295 is an entomopathogenic fungus. This research aimed to investigate the effect of 10% (w/v) cricket powder in growth medium on the pathogenicity of M. majus UICC 295 to infect O. rhinoceros larvae and to investigate the effect of freezing in -80o C using 10% (v/v) glycerol and 10% (v/v) glycerol with 5% (w/v) trehalose on its viability. The conidia/hyphae from Saboraud Dextrose Agar with Yeast Extract (SDAY) with 10% (w/v) cricket powder was able to kill larvae 6.6%--100% in 8--11 days. Viability of conidia/hyphae after being preserved for 30 days in -80o C with 10% (v/v) glycerol and 10% (v/v) glycerol with 5% (w/v) trehalose was decreased. The conidia/hyphae on cadaver was still viable after being preserved at -80o C with 10% (v/v) glycerol and 10% (v/v) glycerol with 5% (w/v) trehalose."

"Metarhizium majus UICC 295 adalah kapang entomopatogen yang menginfeksi dan membunuh serangga. Penelitian bertujuan menguji pengaruh penambahan kitin koloidal 10% (b/v) pada medium pertumbuhan terhadap kemampuan M. majus UICC 295 menginfeksi larva Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus serta mengetahui pengaruh preservasi dengan freezing pada suhu -80o C menggunakan krioprotektan gliserol 10% (v/v) dan maltosa 5% (b/v) dalam mempertahankan viabilitas M. majus UICC 295. Suspensi konidia/hifa M. majus UICC 295 pada medium Sabouraud Dextrose with Yeast Extract Agar (SDYA) sebanyak 1 x 106 sel/ml mampu membunuh larva 3,33--100% dalam 7--11 hari, sedangkan jumlah konidia/hifa 1 x 107 sel/ml pada SDYA dengan penambahan kitin koloidal 10% mampu membunuh larva 6,67--100% dalam waktu 8--10 hari. Preservasi pada -80o C menggunakan akuades mampu mempertahankan viabilitas M. majus UICC 295, sedangkan preservasi menggunakan krioprotektan gliserol 10%, dan gliserol 10% dengan penambahan maltosa 5% menyebabkan penurunan viabilitas kapang pada medium SDYA dan SDYA dengan penambahan substrat kitin koloidal 10%. Preservasi konidia/hifa M. majus UICC 295 pada kadaver larva yang terinfeksi M. majus UICC 295 dari medium SDYA dengan penambahan kitin koloidal 10% pada -80o C menggunakan akuades, krioprotektan gliserol 10%, serta gliserol 10% dan maltosa 5% mampu mempertahankan viabilitas kapang.

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Metarhizium majus UICC 295 is an entomopathogenic fungus which is able to infect and kill insects. This research aimed to investigate the effects of 10% (w/v) colloidal chitin in growth medium on the pathogenicity of M. majus UICC 295 to infect Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus larvae and to investigate the effects of preservation by freezing in -80o C using 10% (v/v) glycerol and 5% (w/v) maltose as cryoprotectants in sustaining the viability of M. majus UICC 295. Application of conidial/hyphal suspension 1 x 106 cell/ml of M. majus UICC 295 from SDYA caused 3.33%--100% larval mortality within 7--11 days, while application of conidial/hyphal suspension 1 x 107 cell/ml of the mould from SDYA added with 10% colloidal chitin caused 6.67--100% larval mortality within 8--10 days. Freezing of conidia/hyphae of M. majus UICC 295 from SDYA and SDYA added with 10% colloidal chitin preserved in distilled water in -80o C maintained its viability, while freezing of conidia/hyphae of M. majus UICC 295 from SDYA and SDYA added with 10% colloidal chitin preserved in 10% glycerol and 10% glycerol added with 5% maltose as cryoprotectants decreased its viability. Freezing of larval cadaver infected with M. majus UICC 295 from SDYA and SDYA added with 10% colloidal chitin and preserved in -80o C maintained its viability."

"Metarhizium majus UICC 295 adalah kapang entomopatogen. Penelitian bertujuan membuat dan menguji formula M. majus UICC 295 dengan substrat beras (Oryza sativa) terhadap larva Oryctes rhinoceros, serta mengetahui viabilitas konidia/hifa di dalam formula selama penyimpanan 30 hari pada suhu ruang dan 4° C. Formula dibuat dengan menginokulasikan M. majus UICC 295 10% (berat/berat) pada beras. Aplikasi kontak langsung M. majus UICC 295 dengan jumlah konidia/hifa (0,69--1,63)x106 CFU/ml menyebabkan kematian larva 100% dalam 9--13 hari. Pengujian formula dengan jumlah konidia/hifa (0,82--1,7)x106 CFU/ml menyebabkan kematian larva 100% dalam 7--11 hari. Penyimpanan formula selama 30 hari pada suhu 27° C dan 4° C menyebabkan penurunan persentase viabilitas konidia berturut-turut sebesar 93,85% dan 90,95%.

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Metarhizium majus UICC 295 is an entomopathogenic fungus. This research investigated the use of rice (Oryza sativa) for formulation of M. majus UICC 295, formula application on Oryctes rhinoceros larvae, the effect of temperature and time of storage on viability of conidia/hyphae in the formula. Formulation was carried out by inoculation of 10% (w/w) fungal biomass into rice. Application of direct contact of conidia/hyphal suspension (0.69--1.63)x106 cfu/ml caused 100 % larval mortality in 9--13 days. Application of the formula containing conidia/hyphal suspension (0.82--1.7)x106 cfu/ml caused 100% larval mortality in 7--11 days. The conidia/hyphae viability in the formula was decreased 93.85% and 90.95% after storage for 30 days at 27° C and 4° C, respectively."

"Metarhizium majus UICC 295 adalah kapang entomopatogen. Penelitian bertujuan membuat dan menguji formula M. majus UICC 295 menggunakan media pembawa substrat jagung (Zea mays) terhadap larva Oryctes rhinoceros dengan metode kontak langsung, serta mengetahui pengaruh suhu dan waktu penyimpanan terhadap viabilitas konidia/hifa kapang pada formula. Pengujian suspensi konidia/hifa kapang sebanyak (2,42 ± 0,50) x 106 CFU/ml menyebabkan kematian larva 100% dalam 9--14 hari. Pembuatan formula dengan menginokulasikan biomassa kapang sebanyak 10% (berat/berat) ke dalam jagung. Pengujian formula dengan jumlah konidia/hifa (1,77 ± 0,73) x 106 CFU/g menyebabkan kematian larva 100% dalam 7--13 hari. Penyimpanan formula pada suhu 25--27° C dan 4° C selama 30 hari menyebabkan penurunan viabilitas konidia/hifa berturut-turut sebesar 93,95% dan 91,19%.

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Metarhizium majus UICC 295 is an entomopathogenic fungus. This research investigated the use of corn as a carrier for formulation of Metarhizium majus UICC 295, application of the formula on Oryctes rhinoceros larvae, and the effect of temperature and time on the conidia/hyphal viability during storage. Application of conidia/hyphal suspension (2.42 ± 0.50) x 106 CFU/ml caused 100% larval mortality within 9--14 days. Formulation was carried out by inoculation of 10% (w/w) fungal biomass into corn. Application of the formula containing conidia/hyphae (1.77 ± 0.73) x 106 CFU/g caused 100% larval mortality within 7--13 days. The conidia/hyphal viability in the formula was decreased 93.95% and 91.19%, after storage for 30 days at 25--27° C and 4° C, respectively."

"Metarhizium majus UICC 295 memiliki kemampuan untuk menggunakan cangkang Crustacea yang mengandung kitin sebagai substrat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan M. majus UICC 295 pada variasi konsentrasi tepung cangkang kerang hijau 10% (b/v), 15% (b/v), 20% (b/v), 25% (b/v) dalam Sabouraud Dextrose Yeast Extract Agar (SDYA) 10%. Selain itu, melihat kemampuan M. majus UICC 295 menggunakan tepung cangkang kerang hijau sebagai substrat melalui Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Metarhizium majus UICC 295 umur 7 hari ditumbuhkan pada variasi konsentrasi tepung cangkang kerang hijau dalam SDYA dengan blok agar di suhu 26,5°C selama 10 hari dalam kondisi gelap. Hasil menunjukkan M. majus UICC 295 dapat tumbuh pada semua variasi konsentrasi tepung cangkang kerang hijau dalam SDYA 10%. Morfologi koloni yang terbentuk bervariasi berdasarkan pigmentasi, sporulasi, dan kerapatan miselium. Ukuran diameter koloni rata-rata terbesar pada tepung cangkang kerang hijau 10% dalam SDYA 10% menunjukkan penurunan 0,35% dibandingkan SDYA 10% sebagai kontrol. Hasil SEM memperlihatkan kemampuan M. majus UICC 295 menggunakan tepung cangkang kerang hijau 10% dalam SDYA 10% berdasarkan adanya hifa dan konidia, dan perubahan struktur berupa rongga pada permukaan substrat. Hasil menunjukkan M. majus UICC 295 dapat menggunakan tepung cangkang kerang hijau sebagai substrat dan nutrien untuk pertumbuhan.

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Metarhizium majus UICC 295 has the ability to use chitin-contained crustacean shells as a substrate. This study aims to determine the growth of M. majus UICC 295 at various concentrations of green mussel shell powder at 10% (w/v), 15% (w/v), 20% (w/v), 25% (w/v) in Sabouraud Dextrose Yeast Extract Agar (SDYA) 10%, and, to investigate the ability of M. majus UICC 295 to use green mussel shell powder as a substrate using a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Agar blocks containing 7-days old M. majus UICC 295 were grown on various concentrations of green mussel shell powder in SDYA at 26.5°C for 10 days under dark conditions. The results showed that M. majus UICC 295 showed growth on all variations of green mussel shell concentration in SDYA 10%. Colony morphology varied based on pigmentation, sporulation, and mycelium density. The largest average colony diameter size in 10% green mussel shell powder in 10% SDYA showed a decrease of 0.35% compared to 10% SDYA as a control. The SEM results showed the ability of M. majus UICC 295 to use 10% green mussel shell powder in 10% SDYA by the presence of hyphae and conidia and structural changes of the substrate in the form of cavities on the substrate surface. The results showed that M. majus UICC 295 was able to use green mussel powder as a substrate and nutrient for growth."

"Penelitian bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi khamir phylloplane Broussonetia papyrifera asal Bandung (Dago Pojok), Garut (Tunggilis dan Sukadanu), dan Trowulan, menguji kemampuan khamir antagonis dari daun B. papyrifera asal Desa Sukadanu dan Desa Tunggilis, Garut, Jawa Barat yang berpotensi sebagai agens biokontrol terhadap kapang-kapang penyebab kebusukan pada buah tomat pascapanen serta mengetahui viabilitas khamir setelah dipreservasi pada suhu -80 oC. Sebanyak 2.543 isolat khamir diperoleh dari empat wilayah sampling menggunakan metode washing dan membrane filter method. Pemilihan 82 isolat khamir representatif berdasarkan kemiripan morfologi koloni. Identifikasi khamir dilakukan berdasarkan sequence pada daerah internal transcribed spacer regions ribosomal DNA. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa isolat khamir tersebut terdiri atas 17 genera dan 32 spesies: sebanyak 11 genera termasuk ke dalam Ascomycota (Saccharomycetes dan Dothidiomycetes), dan sebanyak enam genera termasuk Basidiomycota (Tremellomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, dan Ustilaginomycetes). Tiga kapang representatif berdasarkan hasil isolasi dari buah tomat dan uji patogenitas dapat menyebabkan kebusukan pada buah tomat pascapanen, yaitu Alternaria alternata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, dan Syncephalastrum racemosum. Enam spesies khamir antagonis dapat menghambat pertumbuhan dan sporulasi A. alternata, L. theobromae, dan Syn. racemosum yaitu Candida saopaulonensis UICC Y-492, Candida pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475, Debaryomyces hansenii UICC Y-488, Geotrichum candidum UICC Y-495, Hyphopichia burtonii UICC Y-496, dan Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UICC Y-476. Khamir antagonis dari B. papyrifera memiliki kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan kapang A. alternata dan L. theobromae penyebab kebusukan pada buah tomat pada suhu 26--28oC selama 15 hari inkubasi. Khamir C. pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475 dapat menghambat pertumbuhan kapang dan gejala kebusukan pada buah tomat (100%) disebabkan kapang A. alternata. Khamir C. saopoulenensis UICC Y-492 dan Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513 dapat menghambat pertumbuhan kapang dan gejala kebusukan pada buah tomat (67%) yang disebabkan L. theobromae. Hasil pengujian viabilitas khamir setelah dipreservasi pada suhu -80oC selama 180 hari menunjukkan metode tersebut baik untuk preservasi jangka panjang empat spesies khamir potensial agens biokontrol pada buah tomat, yaitu khamir C. pseudojiutengensis UICC Y-475, C. saopoulenensis UICC Y-492, Hyp. burtonii UICC Y-496, dan Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513. Seluruh strain yang diuji menunjukkan viabilitas yang tinggi (rerata CFU . 1x 108/ml). Jumlah sel khamir antara lain: C. pseudojiutengensis UICC Y-475 (1,08 x 108 CFU/ml), C. saopoulenensis UICC Y-492 (0,65 x 108 CFU/ml), Hyp. burtonii UICC Y-496 (1,76 x 108 CFU/ml), dan Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513 (2,13 x 108 CFU/ml).

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The study was aimed to isolate and identify phylloplane yeasts from Broussonetia papyrifera plants from Bandung (Dago Pojok), Garut (Tunggilis and Sukadanu), and Trowulan; to investigate the yeasts with antagonistic abilities against moulds which attack post-harvest tomato fruits; and to observe the yeast viability after preservation at a temperature of -80 oC. Two thousand five hundred and forty-three yeast isolates were obtained using the washing method and the membrane filter method. Eighty-two representative yeast isolates were selected based on similarity of colony morphology. Identification was based on sequence data of internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA).

The identification result showed that the 82 representative isolates were consisted of 17 genera and 32 species. Eleven of these genera are belong to Saccharomycetes and one genus belongs Dothidiomycetes (Ascomycota). Six genera are belong to Tremellomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, and Ustilaginomycetes (Basidiomycota). Three representative moulds obtained from the pathogenicity test were able to cause serious damage on post-harvest tomato fruits. These moulds were identified as, i.e. Alternaria alternata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Syncephalastrum racemosum. Six antagonistic yeasts were able to inhibit growth and sporulation of post-harvest tomato moulds, i.e. Candida saopaulonensis UICC Y-492, Candida pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475, Debaryomyces hansenii UICC Y-488, Geotrichum candidum UICC Y-495, Hyphopichia burtonii UICC Y-496, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UICC Y-476. The antagonistic yeasts were tested for their abilities to inhibit growth of A. alternata and L. theobromae which cause fruit rot on post-harvest tomatoes at 26--28oC for 15 days. Candida pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475 was able to inhibit growth of A. alternata and reduce fruit rot symptoms in tomato fruit (100%). Candida saopoulenensis UICC Y-492 and Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513 were able to inhibit growth of L. theobromae and reduce fruit rot symptoms in tomato fruit (67%).

The yeast viability was observed after being preserved at -80oC on day-1 (H1), day-7 (H7), day-14 (H14), day-30 (H-30), and day-180 (H-180). The results showed that all strains do not lose their viability after freezing at -80oC for 180 days. The number of cells for each strain after revival from preservation after 180 days were counted: C. pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475 (1,08 x 108 CFU/ml), C. saopoulenensis UICC Y-492 (0,65 x 108 CFU/ml), Hyp. burtonii UICC Y-496 (1,76x 108 CFU/ml), and Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513 (2,13 x 108 CFU/ml)."