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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat dampak pengenaan tarif bea keluar biji kakao Indonesia terhadap ekspor produk kakao olahan dari Indonesia dan Malaysia di jangka panjang. Variabel penelitian yang digunakan adalah volume ekspor produk kakao olahan di Indonesia dan Malaysia, harga biji kakao Indonesia, harga biji kakao internasional, harga rata-rata ekspor kakao olahan di 5 negara kompetitor Indonesia dan Malaysia, volume impor kakao olahan di dunia dan dummy penerapan tarif bea keluar biji kakao Indonesia. Untuk menjawab tujuan penelitian maka digunakan metode Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) dan menggunakan bound testing cointegration untuk melihat hubungan kointegrasi dari variabel-variabel yang diteliti. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa pengenaan tarif bea keluar biji kakao di Indonesia berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap meningkatnya volume ekspor kakao olahan Indonesia di jangka panjang. Sedangkan bagi Malaysia, pengenaan tarif bea keluar biji kakao di Indonesia, berpengaruh tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap menurunnya volume ekspor kakao olahan Malaysia di jangka panjang.

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The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of Indonesian cocoa beans export tax policy on Indonesia and Malaysia processed cocoa exports in the long term. The research variables are export volume of processed cocoa products in Indonesia and Malaysia, Indonesia price of cocoa beans, world price of cocoa beans, average price of exports of processed cocoa in 5 Indonesia and Malaysia competitor countries, import volume of cocoa in the world and the dummy tariff Export duty of Indonesian cocoa beans. To answer the research objectives method is used Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL To answer the research objective, we use Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and using bound testing cointegration for testing the cointegration relationship between the research variables. The results show that in the long run, that the imposition of tariff on cocoa beans in Indonesia has a significant effect on the increase of export volume  of Indonesia processed cocoa but for Malaysia, the imposition of tariffs out of cocoa beans in Indonesia, no significant effect on the declining vol of Malaysias exports of processed cocoa."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang faktor-faktor yangdapat menghambat perkembangan industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia.Penelitian ini, khususnya, ditujukan untuk menganalisa perkembangan industripengolahan kakao di Indonesia setelah penerapan bea keluar terhadap ekspor bijikakao (bahan baku bagi produk-produk olahan kakao); bagaimana respon dariindustri tersebut dan bagaimana distribusi harga diantara para pelaku dalam rantainilai kakao-coklat di Indonesia.Pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif digunakan dalam analisa penelitian ini.Analisa kualitatif digunakan untuk melihat secara deskriptif pola ekspor kakaoIndonesia, sebagai gambaran dari perkembangan industri pengolahan kakaoIndonesia. Selain itu, metode kualitatif juga digunakan untuk menganalisa rantainilai dari Kakao-Coklat di Indonesia. Analisa deskriptif juga dilakukan terhadaptrend harga biji kakao untuk melihat pembagian harga dan resiko antar pelakudalam rantai nilai kakao Indonesia akibat penerapan bea keluar ekspor biji kakaodan perubahan harga dunia biji kakao. Analisa kuantitatif dilakukan untuk melihatapakah penerapan bea keluar tersebut mempengaruhi perkembangan industripengolahan kakao Indonesia, melalui penawaran ekspor dari produk-produkolahan kakao Indonesia.Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa pasokan biji kakao yang tidak cukup untukpasar domestik, hambatan berupa bea masuk oleh negara-negara EU, danpermasalahan transportasi adalah permasalahan utama yang dapat menghambatperkembangan industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia. Dapat disimpulkan jugabahwa penerapan bea keluar untuk ekspor biji kakao adalah regulasi yang sangatefektif untuk menurunkan ketergantungan terhadap ekspor bahan baku padaekspor produk kakao Indonesia dan mendorong pengolahan domestik kakaodengan peningkatan ekspor produk-produk olahan kakao. Selain itu, penerapanbea keluar dan fluktuasi harga dunia untuk biji kakao dipandang menguntungkanpemerintah dan industri pengolahan kakao, tapi menyebabkan kerugian bagieksporter biji kakao dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap petani. Namun, suatumekanisme penetapan harga yang lebih baik antara petani dan industri sertaefektifitas dari keberadaan asosiasi atau organisasi petani dapat menjadi solusiuntuk membuat petani memperoleh keuntungan dari penerapan bea keluartersebut

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ABSTRACTThis paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper isintended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesiadue to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoaprocessing products); how they respond and how the price distribution amongstakeholders.Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. Thequalitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoaexports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processingindustry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically theprocessing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for thetrend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholdersin Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoabeans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis isdone to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply ofthe Indonesian cocoa products.Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domesticmarket, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportationproblems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesiancocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction ofexport tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence onthe export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domesticprocessing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. Inaddition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoabeans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, butcauses loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers.However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors andthe presence of an effective farmer?s association or organization could be asolution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition.;This paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper isintended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesiadue to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoaprocessing products); how they respond and how the price distribution amongstakeholders.Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. Thequalitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoaexports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processingindustry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically theprocessing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for thetrend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholdersin Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoabeans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis isdone to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply ofthe Indonesian cocoa products.Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domesticmarket, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportationproblems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesiancocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction ofexport tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence onthe export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domesticprocessing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. Inaddition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoabeans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, butcauses loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers.However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors andthe presence of an effective farmer?s association or organization could be asolution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition;This paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper isintended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesiadue to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoaprocessing products); how they respond and how the price distribution amongstakeholders.Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. Thequalitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoaexports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processingindustry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically theprocessing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for thetrend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholdersin Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoabeans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis isdone to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply ofthe Indonesian cocoa products.Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domesticmarket, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportationproblems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesiancocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction ofexport tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence onthe export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domesticprocessing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. Inaddition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoabeans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, butcauses loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers.However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors andthe presence of an effective farmer?s association or organization could be asolution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition;This paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper isintended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesiadue to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoaprocessing products); how they respond and how the price distribution amongstakeholders.Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. Thequalitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoaexports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processingindustry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically theprocessing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for thetrend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholdersin Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoabeans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis isdone to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply ofthe Indonesian cocoa products.Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domesticmarket, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportationproblems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesiancocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction ofexport tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence onthe export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domesticprocessing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. Inaddition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoabeans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, butcauses loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers.However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors andthe presence of an effective farmer’s association or organization could be asolution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition, This paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper isintended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesiadue to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoaprocessing products); how they respond and how the price distribution amongstakeholders.Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. Thequalitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoaexports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processingindustry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically theprocessing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for thetrend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholdersin Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoabeans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis isdone to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply ofthe Indonesian cocoa products.Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domesticmarket, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportationproblems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesiancocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction ofexport tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence onthe export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domesticprocessing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. Inaddition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoabeans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, butcauses loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers.However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors andthe presence of an effective farmer’s association or organization could be asolution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition]"

"Produksi biji kakao Indonesia yang besar menjadikan komoditas kakao sebagai salah satu komoditas yang potensial untuk meningkatkan penerimaan negara. Hal tersebut dapat diupayakan melalui pengolahan biji kakao menjadi produk kakao setengah jadi atau produk jadi sehingga negara mendapatkan nilai tambah yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan dan menganalisis postur perpajakan pada proses bisnis komoditas kakao yang berorientasi lokal dan ekspor. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dimana pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan studi kepustakaan dan wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa postur perpajakan pada proses bisnis kakao berbeda-beda antara pelaku perdagangan, baik pada proses bisnis yang berorientasi lokal maupun ekspor. Industri hilir kakao yang berorientasi ekspor juga dapat menggunakan fasilitas Kawasan Berikat, dimana terdapat perbedaan postur perpajakan antara pengguna fasilitas Kawasan Berikat dengan yang tidak menggunakan fasilitas Kawasan Berikat.

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The large production of Indonesian cocoa beans makes the cocoa commodity one of the potential commodities to increase state revenues. This can be endeavored through processing cocoa beans into semi-finished cocoa products or finished cocoa products so that the country gets higher value-added. This study aims to describe and analyze the mapping of tax policies on the business processes of locally and export oriented of cocoa commodity. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach where data were collected by literature studies and in-depth interviews. The results of the study show that the tax policies in cocoa business process varies between entities, both in locally and export oriented business processes. Export-oriented downstream industries can also use Bonded Zone facilities, which tax policies between users of Bonded Zone facilities and those who do not are different."

"Kakao dan produk kakao Indonesia mampu memberikan kontribusi share yang besar pada pendapatan ekspor selain minyak kelapa sawit (CPO) dan karet. Kakao masih diekspor daln bentuk barang primer. Disamping itu, Indonesia juga mempunyai kesempatan yang besar untuk mengembangkan industri kakao dalam negeri menjadi produk kakao setengah jadi maupun produk kakao jadi (coklat). Pada saat ini, negara-negara maju Iebih menyukai impor produk kakao jadi (coklat) daripada barang mentahnya. Indonesia dapat mengembangkan kakao dan produk kakao untuk rneningkatkan ekspomya. Oleh karena itu, Indonesia harus meningkatkan daya saing dari produk kakao di pasar internasional, khususnya ke negara-negara tujuan utama ekspor kakao dan produk kakao Indonesia melalui produk turunannya. Data statistik menunjukkan ekspor kakao dan produk kakao Indonesia meningkat pada periode 2004 - 2008. Pertumbuhan pangsa pasar Indonesia juga positif dan bahl-can lebih besar dari pertumbuhan pangsa pasar dunia. AS, Singapura dan China adalah negara-negara tujuan utama untuk kal-:ao dan produk kakao Indonesia. Malaysia juga merupakan negara terbesar pengimpor kakao dan produk kakao Indonesia di pasar intemasional tetapi Malaysia adalah pesaing utama pengekspor kakao dan produk kakao Indonesia di pasar intemasional. Untuk mengukur daya saing dalam penelitian ini menggunakan constant market share analysis (CMSA) dan trade specialization index (YSD. Dari penelitian ini kakao dan produk kakao Indonesia mempunyai daya saing di pasar negara tujuan utama ekspor. Namun demikian Indonesia dapat mengembangkan produk kakao untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah pada industri kakao dalam negeri dan mengekspor produk setengah jadi dan produkjadi untuk meningkatkan nilai ekspor Indonesia.

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Indonesia cocoa and cocoa products give a big share in the contribution of export revenue beside crude palm oil (CPO) and rubber product. Cocoa is still export in primary products. Indonesia has big opportunities to develop the cocoa domestic industry to become middle product and finished product of cocoa. In the recent year, the developed countries prefer import the processed product than primary product. Indonesian should develop the cocoa and cocoa products to increase export. Therefore, Indonesia have to increase the competitiveness of the product in international market, especially in the main destination of Indonesian cocoa and cocoa products export.

Statistics data shows export of Indonesian cocoa and cocoa product increase in the period 2004 -2008. The growth of Indonesia market share is also positive and greater than the growth of total share of the world. The US, Singapore and China is the main destination countries for Indonesia cocoa and cocoa products. Malaysia is also the greatest importing countries but Malaysia is the competitor of Indonesia cocoa and cocoa products in the international market. To measure the competitiveness in this research use constant market share analysis (CMSA) and Trade specialization Index (TSI).

From the research, Indonesian cocoa and cocoa products have competitiveness in the main destination countries. However, Indonesia should develop the cocoa products to increase value added in the domestic cocoa industry and export more middle and finished product, to increase Indonesian export value."

"This research analyses about how and how far the transformation of agricultural production system and agrarian structure within cacao-base peasant community imply to social differentiation. The research uses a "multiple case study" approach in four cocoa peasant communities, i.e.:two communities in Central Sulawesi and the other two in Nangroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD). The result shows that capitalism enters the communities by permeating (not eliminating) through various new activities, and than produced a transitional agricultural production (particularly takes form as temporary holding), has resulted in a social differentiation in peasant community called as unequal stratification of cocial structure of peasant community. This social is differentiated in many layers from a single status layer (land owners, tillers and labor) to combination of layers (of those three statuses). Moreover, this emerging social structure is also accompanied by a further inequality in agrarian resource ownership."

"Kabupaten Jember merupakan kabupaten yang struktur ekonominya bertipe agraris. Kakao menjadi komoditas alternatif yang mengalami peningkatan jumlah produksi setelah dimulainya program pengembangan kakao rakyat oleh pemerintah tahun 2010. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran pola rantai distribusi serta pengaruh karakteristik lokasi produksi dan karakteristik produk terhadap pola rantai distribusi komoditas kakao yang terbentuk di Kabupaten Jember. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah kuesioner dengan teknik pemilihan lokasi responden berdasarkan area sampling. Analisa yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dengan pendekatan keruangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat empat pola rantai distribusi di Kabupaten Jember. Berdasarkan lokasi produksinya, rantai yang terbentuk di wilayah perkotaan lebih bervariasi dibandingkan di wilayah pesisir. Kakao yang dijual dalam bentuk mentah memiliki jangkauan distribusi yang lebih jauh dibandingkan kakao olahan, namun laba yang didapat di tingkat petani lebih kecil. Banyaknya perantara tidak mempengaruhi harga kakao di tingkat eksportir, tetapi mempengaruhi harga yang terbentuk di tingkat petani. Semakin banyak perantara, semakin rendah harga kakao di tingkat petani sehingga laba yang diterima semakin kecil.

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Jember is a region that has agrarian type of economic structure, the livelihood of population dominated by primary sector. The number of cocoa production has increased after cocoa development program start by government at 2010. The aim of this study is to describe pattern of distribution chain as well as the influence location of production and product characteristics that is formed in Jember. Data collection methods used were questionnaires with respondents site selection technique based on area sampling. The analysis used is descriptive analysis with spatial approach.

Results showed there are four patterns of distribution chain in Jember. Based on the location of production, the chain formed in urban areas is more varied than in coastal areas. Cocoa sold in raw form has a distribution range further, but the income earned at farm level is smaller. The number of middle man does not affect price of cocoa on the level of exporters, but affects prices established at farm level. The more intermediaries, the lower price of cocoa at farm level so that the smaller profit received."

"Implementasi kebijakan pengenaan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai atas penyerahan kakao berpengaruh terhadap keberlangsungan operasional industri kakao. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan post positivist, jenis penelitian deskriptif, dengan tujuan menganalisis proses dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi implementasi. Hasil penelitian dari ketiga faktor menunjukan bahwa implementasi kebijakan pengenaan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai atas penyerahan kakao memiliki beberapa permasalahan yaitu luasnya wilayah indonesia, kurangnya sumber daya manusia, dan mengganggu ekonomi industri. Selain itu, dalam proses implementasi memunculkan output kebijakan baru, kepatuhan Pengusaha Kena Pajak menimbulkan penerimaan pajak, dan terganggunya cashflow industri kakao.

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The implementation of Value Added Tax policy for the supplies of cocoa gives impact to the operational activities in that current industry. This research conducted by post positivist approach with descriptive purpose, it is to analyze the implementation process and factors that influance the implementation. The result of this are among the three factors shows the policy impelementation has some problems, there are the wide of area, lack of human resource, and distract economy condition of the industry. Besides, in implementation process issued new policy output, voluntary compliance of taxable person increases tax revenue and disruption of the cocoa industry's cash flow."