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"Pulau Jawa berada di dekat zona subduksi Lempeng Eurasia dan Indo-Australia, yang menyebabkan terbentuknya patahan-patahan di daratan. Salah satu daerah yang terdampak adalah Kabupaten Sumedang, Jawa Barat. Prediksi gempabumi penting untuk meminimalisir kerusakan. Analisis aktivitas anomali geomagnetik Ultra-low Frequency (ULF) sebelum gempabumi dilakukan di sekitar stasiun geomagnetik TJS Sumedang menggunakan metode Polarization Ratio Analysis (PRA). Metode ini membandingkan nilai medan magnetik komponen vertikal terhadap horizontal (SZ/SG) berbasis Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) untuk mendeteksi anomali geomagnetik ULF (0.01 Hz - 0.04 Hz). Frekuensi ini dipilih karena mudah merambat ke permukaan, memungkinkan deteksi anomali yang jelas. Tiga gempabumi tahun 2020-2021 dengan magnitudo (M) ≥ 5 dan jarak episenter (R) ≤ 150 km (10 Maret 2020, M5; 25 Oktober 2020, M5.4; dan 27 April 2021, M5) dianalisis. Data geomagnetik malam hari komponen X, Y, dan Z dipilih untuk mengurangi noise. Hasil menunjukkan frekuensi 0.01 Hz - 0.04 Hz optimal mendeteksi prekursor gempa pada 27 April 2021. Anomali geomagnetik ULF tidak berkaitan dengan badai geomagnetik, dibuktikan dengan nilai indeks Dst (Disturbance storm time) yang tidak melebihi ambang batas.

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Java Island is adjacent to the subduction zone of the Eurasian and Indo-Australian Plates, causing the formation of several faults on land. From the formation of faults that can be caused by earthquakes, there are areas that are affected, one of which is Sumedang Regency, West Java. Earthquake prediction efforts are very important to minimize the damage that will occur. Ultra-low Frequency (ULF) geomagnetic anomaly activity was analyzed before the earthquake around the TJS Sumedang geomagnetic station using the Polarization Ratio Analysis (PRA) method, which compares the magnetic field value of the vertical component to the horizontal component (SZ/SG) based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), which is used to convert data from the time domain into the frequency domain to see ULF scale geomagnetic anomaly activity from 0.01 Hz - 0.04 Hz because this frequency wave easily propagates to the surface, allowing clear anomaly detection. Three earthquakes in 2020-2021 taken at magnitude (M) ≥ 5 and earthquake epicenter (R) ≤ 150 km (EQ1 with M5 on March 10, 2020, EQ2 with M5.4 on October 25, 2020, and EQ3 with M5 on April 27, 2021) in the vicinity of the TJS Sumedang geomagnetic station were selected because the larger the M and the closer the R of the earthquake can strengthen the geomagnetic anomaly readings. Nighttime geomagnetic data of X, Y, and Z components were selected to reduce noise or human activity. The results showed that the frequency of 0.01 Hz - 0.04 Hz was optimal for detecting possible precursors of the M5 earthquake on April 27, 2021 (EQ1), and the ULF geomagnetic anomaly in this study was not related to geomagnetic storms, which was obtained from the Dst (Disturbance storm time) index value which did not exceed the threshold line."

"Series of Ti2+-Mn4+ ions substituted BaFe12-2xTixMnxO19 samples with x = 0.0–0.8 have been studied to find out the effect of ion substitution on their microstructure, magnetic, and microwave absorption characteristics. The materials were synthesized through the mechanical alloying process. X-ray diffraction pattern for all sintered samples confirmed that the materials are single phase materials with BaFe12O19 structure. Referring to the results, it is shown that all samples that are subject to ultrasonic irradiation treatment characterized by a crystallite size distribution with the width get slimmer and mean crystallite size get smaller as the substitution level increased from x = 0 to x = 0.8. A sample of latter composition has fine crystals between 10–200 nm with the mean size of 42 nm. The effect of ionic substitution also affected the magnetic properties in which coercivity decreased proportionally with an increase of x value. The saturation magnetization increased to 0.41 T at x = 0.4, and then decreased for higher x values. Hence, the increase occurred only in samples with low-level substitutions of Ti2+-Mn4+ ions. Microwave absorption characterization clearly shows that the reflection loss (RL) value of Ti2+-Mn4+ substituted BaFe12-2xTixMnxO19 samples was enhanced from 2.5 dB in a doped free sample (x = 0) to 22 dB (~92% absorption) in a sample with x = 0.6 in the frequency range 8–12 GHz."

"This paper reports on the magnetic properties and electromagnetic characterization of La0.8Ba0.2FexMn½(1-x)Ti½(1-x)O3 (x = 0.1–0.8). The La0.8Ba0.2FexMn½(1-x)Ti½(1-x)O3 (x = 0.1–0.8) materials were prepared using a mechanical alloying method. All the materials were made of analytical grade precursors of BaCO3, Fe2O3, MnCO3, TiO2, and La2O3, which were blended and mechanically milled in a planetary ball mill for 10h. The milled powders were compacted and subsequently sintered at 1000°C for 5h. All the sintered samples showed a fully crystalline structure, as confirmed using an X-ray diffractometer. It is shown that all samples consisted of LaMnO3 based as the major phase with the highest mass fraction up to 99% found in samples with x < 0.3. The mass fraction of main phase in doped samples decreased in samples with x > 0.3. The hysteresis loop derived from magnetic properties measurement confirmed the present of hard magnetic BaFe12O19 phase in all La0.8Ba0.2FexMn½(1-x)Ti½(1-x)O3 (x = 0.1–0.8) samples. The results of the electromagnetic wave absorption indicated that there were three absorption peaks of ~9 dB, ~8 dB, and ~23.5 dB, respectively, at respective frequencies of 9.9 GHz, 12.0 GHz, and 14.1 GHz. After calculations of reflection loss formula, the electromagnetic wave absorption was found to reach 95% at the highest peak frequency of 14.1 GHz with a sample thickness of around 1.5 mm. Thus, this study successfully synthesized a single phase of La0.8Ba0.2FexMn½(1-x)Ti½(1-x)O3 (x = 0.1–0.8) for the electromagnetic waves absorber material application."

"Pengolahan data magnetik menghasilkan nilai magentik total yang telah dikoreksi oleh koreksi IGRF, Variasi Harian dan Koreksi Drift. Hasil pengolahan data kemudian diplot menjadi kontur anomali magnetik pada software SURFER 9.0. Dari kontur inilah kemudian didapatkan indikasi anomali magnetik pada data pengukuran. Anomali inilah yang nantinya akan dijadikan patokan untuk membuat permodelan. Permodelan menggunakan data magnetik bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasikan anomali magnetik yang terdapat pada data pengukuran. Anomali magnetik biasanya dipengaruhi oleh hot rock yang berada pada bawah permukaan. Pada penelitian ini, data magnetik yang digunakan adalah data pengukuran magnetik di daerah Arjuna-Welirang. Daerah prospek geothermal Arjuna-Welirang terletak di wilayah Kabupaten Malang, Kabupaten Mojokerto, Pasuruan, dan Kota Batu. Daerah prospek ini berada di lingkungan geologi yang didominasi oleh batuan vulkanik berumur kuarter.

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Magnetic data processing give a magnetic total value that has been corrected by the correction IGRF, Diurnal Variety and Drift Correction. Then the data processing?s results are plotted into the contours of the magnetic anomalies in the software Surfer 9.0. This contour is then obtained an indication of magnetic anomalies on the measurement data. This is an anomaly that will be used as a benchmark for modeling. Modeling using magnetic data aims to identify magnetic anomalies are present in the measurement data. Magnetic anomalies are usually influenced by the hot rock that is on the bottom surface. In this study, which used magnetic data is the data of magnetic measurements in the Arjuna-Welirang. Geothermal prospect area Arjuna-Welirang located in Malang regency, regency Mojokerto, Pasuruan, and Batu. This prospect area is located in the geological environment which is dominated by old volcanic rocks quarter."

"A magnetic Fe3O4@ZnO nanocomposite (NC) was successfully synthesized by a wet milling method using a high energy milling (HEM) machine. The magnetic Fe3O4@ZnO NC was characterized by an X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM and TEM), and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). X-ray diffraction results show that Fe3O4@ZnO NC consisted of ZnO and Fe3O4 phases. The microstructure analysis indicated that Fe3O4@ZnO NC presented a ZnO shell wrapped around the surface of a magnetic Fe3O4 surface. The average diameter of the aggregated Fe3O4 nanoparticle (NP) is 20 nm, while that of Fe3O4@ZnO NCs is nearly 30 nm. The Fe3O4 NP and Fe3O4@ZnO NC show typical superparamagnetic behavior with low coercivity. The saturation magnetization (Ms) of Fe3O4 NP was measured at about 66.26emu.g-1 and then declined to 34.79emu.g-1 after being encapsulated with a ZnO shell. The photoactivities of the Fe3O4@ZnO NC under UV irradiation were quantified by the degradation of a methylene blue (MB) dye solution. The result reveals that the photodegradation efficiency of Fe3O4@ZnO NC is favorable at pH neutral (pH = 7) reaching 100%. By increasing the MB dye concentration from 10 ppm to 40 ppm, the photodegradation efficiency decreases from 100% to 52%. The Fe3O4@ZnO NC can be easily collected by an external magnet. The magnetic Fe3O4@ZnO NC could be extended to various potential applications, such as purification processes, catalysis, separation, and photodegradation."

"Dalam melakukan interpretasi struktur bawah permukaan menggunakan data gravitasi, perlu dilakukan pemisahan anomali residual dan regional. Metode yang umum digunakan untuk melakukan pemisahan antara lain yaitu metode analisis spektrum, trend surface analysis (TSA), dan upward continuation. Dalam tulisan ini digunakan ketiga metode tersebut untuk memisahkan anomali regional dan residual. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan data gravitasi daerah “X” dengan objek penelitian berupa patahan. Data gravitasi yang diperoleh diolah hingga mendapatkan data CBA (Complete Bouguer Anomaly), lalu dilakukan proses separasi. Dari data-data tersebut kemudian dilakukan inversi dan forward modeling 2D. Analisis dilakukan untuk melihat perbedaan hasil pemodelan anomali gravitasi tanpa dilakukan separasi (CBA) dibandingkan dengan pemodelan anomali residual hasil separasi. Hasil analisisnya memperlihatkan bahwa dari data CBA dan anomali residual metode analisis spektrum tidak dapat mendeteksi adanya patahan. Sedangkan dari data anomali residual metode TSA dan upward continuation sudah mampu mendeteksi adanya patahan.

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In interpreting subsurface structures using gravity data, it is necessary to separate residual and regional anomalies. The methods commonly used to perform separation include spectrum analysis, trend surface analysis (TSA), and upward continuation. In this paper, these three methods are used to separate regional and residual anomalies. The study was conducted using gravity data for area “X” focusing on fault structures as the object of interest. The obtained gravity data is processed to obtain CBA (Complete Bouguer Anomaly) data, then the separation process is carried out. From these data, 2D inversion and forward modeling are then performed. The analysis was carried out to see the differences in the results of the modeling of the gravity anomaly without separation (CBA) compared to the modeling of the residual anomaly resulting from the separation. The results of the analysis show that from CBA and residual anomaly using spectrum analysis method, were not able to detect the faults. Meanwhile, the faults can be detected in residual anomaly from TSA and upward continuation methods."

"Pada lapangan panas bumi “X” Daerah Gunung Slamet, Kabupaten Tegal Jawa Tengah keterdapatan manifestasi berupa mata air panas yang kemunculan dan persebarannya mengikuti kelurusan struktur geologi berupa sesar normal dan sesar mendatar berorientasi baratlaut-tenggara. Sehingga dari kondisi geologi daerah penelitian yang menunjukkan adanya struktur yang dapat menjadi jalur fluida panas tersebut, batuan teralterasi beserta mineral ubahan sangat mungkin terbentuk didaerah ini. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi litologi, zona alterasi berdasarkan mineral alterasi yang terbentuk dan kaitan mineral alterasi dengan temperatur dan sifat fluida pembentukan mineral alterasi tersebut di daerah penelitian. Metode yang digunakan ialah analisis petrografi melalui sayatan tipis dan metode analisis difraksi sinar-X (X-ray Diffraction). Metode petrografi dilakukan guna mengidentifikasi keberadaan mineral teralterasi atau tidak teralterasi pada sampel sayatan tipis. Lalu, Metode XRD bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi lebih lanjut mengenai mineral alterasi yang terkandung yang sebelumnya tidak dapat teridentifikasi pada analisis petrografi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis petrografi batuan, litologi daerah penelitian tersusun atas batuan beku andesit, dan kristal tuf. Berdasarkan hasil analisa petrografi dan XRD pada sampel daerah penelitian dapat dibagi menjadi dua zona alterasi berdasarkan mineral alterasi yang ditemui, yaitu zona propilitik dan zona argilik. Pada zona argilik rentang temperatur keterbentukan mineral yaitu pada suhu 80-120°C. Sedangkan, zona alterasi propilitik memiliki rentang suhu keterbentukan mineral pada >250°C. Berdasarkan mineral alterasi yang ditemukan temperatur daerah penelitian terbagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu kelompok tingkat keasaman (pH) netral dan asam yang dicirikan dengan keberadaan mineral kaolinit.

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In the geothermal field "X" Slamet Mountain area, Tegal Regency, Central Java, there are manifestations in the form of hot springs whose appearance and distribution follow the alignment of geological structures in the form of normal faults and stike-slip faults oriented north west-south east. So that from the geological conditions of the research area that shows the existence of structures that can be a hot fluid path, alterated rocks and altered minerals are very likely to form in this area. This study was conducted to identify the lithology, alteration zones based on alteration minerals formed and the relationship of alteration minerals with temperature and fluid properties of the formation of alteration minerals in the study area. The methods used are petrographic analysis through thin section and X-ray diffraction analysis method. The petrographic method was used to identify the presence of altered or unaltered minerals in the thin section samples. Then, the XRD method aims to further identify the alteration minerals contained that could not previously be identified in the petrographic analysis. Based on the results of rock petrographic analysis, the lithology of the study area is composed of andesite igneous rocks, and tuff crystals. Based on the results of petrographic and XRD analysis on the samples of the study area can be divided into two alteration zones based on the alteration minerals found, namely the propylitic zone, and argillic. In the argillic zone, the temperature range for mineral formation is 80-120°C. Meanwhile, the propylitic alteration zone has a mineral formation temperature range of >250°C. Based on the alteration minerals found, the temperature of the research area is divided into two groups, namely neutral and acidic acidity (pH) groups which are characterized by the presence of the mineral kaolinite.

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"Anomali Bouguer dalam survey gravitasi merupakan jumlah medan gravitasi yang dihasilkan oleh semua sumber anomali bawah permukaan, yaitu anomali regional dan residual. Anomali regional berasosiasi dengan frekuensi rendah dan anomali residual diidentifikasi dengan frekuensi tinggi yang mengandung informasi mengenai sumber anomali dangkal. Target dalan eksplorasi geofisika pada umumnya struktur-struktur kecil pada kedalaman yang dangkal. Hal inilah menyebabkan pemisahan anomali regional dan residual sangat penting dalam interpretasi data gravitasi. Pemisahan anomali dilakukan dengan variasi metode, yaitu, polynomial trend surface analysis, upward continuation dan lowpass frequency filter. Metode-metode tersebut di aplikasikan menggunakan model sintetik yakni model Syn dan model Intrusi. Hasil dari ketiga metode untuk memisahkan komponen regional dan residual kemudian ditampikan dan dibandingkan. Dari hasil penelitian, diperoleh bahwa anomali regional dan residual yang diasilkan oleh metode polynomial trend surface analysis mempunyai error yang paling minimum diantara kedua metode lain yang digunakan. Rms error anomali regional berturut-turut untuk metode polynomial trend surface analysis, upward continuation and lowpass filter dari model Syn adalah 0,706 mgal, 0,785 mgal, 0,766 mgal and dari model Intrusi yakni 0,410 mgal, 0,451 mgal, 0,540 mgal.

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Bouguer anomaly in gravity surveys are the sum of gravity fields produced by all underground sources, from residual and regional anomaly. Regional anomaly is identified by low frequency and residual anomaly is identified by high frequency that contains information of shallow sources. The targets for geophysical surveys are often small scale structure buried at shallow depths. That's why regionalresidual field separation is essential in gravity data interpretation. A variety of separation techniques have been proposed, namely, polynomial trend surface analysis, upward continuation and lowpass frequency filter. The proposed methods were tested using variation of synthetic models, that are, Syn and Intrusion 3D models.

Results from three methods to separate residual and regional component are presented, compared and evaluated. The results show regional and residual anomaly produced by polynomial trend surface analysis have minimal error than two other methods. The rms errors of regional anomaly of Syn model are 0.706 mgal, 0.785 mgal, 0.766 mgal and rms errors of regional anomaly of Intrusion model are 0.410 mgal, 0.451 mgal, 0.540 mgal for polynomial trend surface analysis, upward continuation and lowpass filter, respectively."

"Daerah penelitian AM merupakan salah satu daerah prospek geotermal yang berlokasi di Kabupaten OKU Selatan, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Potensi geotermal pada daerah penelitian ditandai dengan kemunculan manifestasi berupa lima mata air panas bersuhu 44,4o – 92,5oC dan pH antara 8,19 – 9,43. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi struktur geologi bawah permukaan melalui gravitasi satelit GGMplus serta data pendukung geologi dan geokimia. Struktur pada peta geologi didominasi oleh sesar regional berarah barat laut-tenggara. Hasil analisis slicing lintasan First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) dan Second Vertical Derivative (SVD) menunjukkan adanya enam patahan pada area penelitian dan dikonfirmasi dengan data geologi. Perkiraan temperatur reservoir daerah penelitian AM berdasarkan geotermometer geokimia Na-K berkisar antara 146o - 176oC.

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The research area AM is one of the geothermal prospect area located in South OKU Districts, South Sumatera. The existence of the geothermal system in the research area is indicated by the presence of five hot springs with a temperature of 44.4 – 92.5°C and a pH between 8.19 – 9.43. This study aims to be able to identify the subsurface geological structures through GGMplus satellite gravity, as well as geological and geochemical supporting data. The structures on the geological map are dominated by northwest – southeast regional fault. The results of the First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) and Second Vertical Derivative (SVD) slicing analysis indicate six faults in the research area and confirmed with geological data. The reservoir temperature in the research area AM is estimated around 146o – 176°C based on Na-K geothermometer."

"Daerah Gunung Pancar merupakan daerah prospek geotermal yang didominasi oleh batuan sedimen, batuan beku berumur kuartener dan intrusi andesit. Sistem geotermal pada daerah ini ditandai dengan keberadaan manifestasi outflow berupa hotsprings yang memiliki temperatur berkisar 45-66°C. Dari data geokimia yang ada, reservoir pada daerah ini diperkirakan memiliki temperatur sekitar 180-215°C sehingga diklasifikasikan sebagai sistem geotermal dengan suhu yang rendah hingga menengah. Penelitan ini menggunakan metode magnetik untuk mengidentifikasi batuan yang mengalami demagnetisasi akibat terjadi proses alterasi hidrotermal yang diasosiasikan dengan batuan reservoir pada sistem geotermal.Dari data magnetik, dilakukan koreksi data dengan koreksi IGRF dan koreksi diurnal untuk menhasilkan peta kontur anomali magnetik total yang bersifat dipol. Proses reduction to pole (RTP) dan upward continuation dengan ketinggian sebesar 50 m, 100 m, dan 250 m untuk melihat nilai anomali rendah akibat demagnetisasi. Pemodelan secara forward 2 dimensi menunjukkan reservoir memiliki suseptibilitas yang rendah dengan nilai 0.000013 cgs pada kedalaman 500-1400 m di bawah permukaan laut. Kemudian, pemodelan secara inversi 3 dimensi menunjukan nilai suseptibilitas sekitar -0.003 hingga 0.035 cgs sebagai reservoir yang berada pada kedalaman 500-1300 m di bawah permukaan laut. Hasil pemodelan forward 2 dimensi dan inversi 3 dimensi dikorelasikan dengan model inversi 3 dimensi data AMT dan forward 2 dimensi data gravity. Dari hasil interpretasi terpadu, reservoir terletak di sekitar zona outflow pada kedalaman 500-1300 m di bawah permukaan laut.

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The Gunung Pancar area is a geothermal prospect area dominated by sedimentary rocks, quaternary igneous rocks and andesite intrusion. The geothermal system in this area is characterized by the presence of outflow manifestations in the form of hotsprings which have temperatures ranging from 45-66 °C. From existing geochemical data, the reservoir in this area is estimated to have a temperature of around 180-215 °C so that it is classified as a geothermal system with low to medium temperatures. This research uses magnetic methods to identify rocks that have demagnetized due to hydrothermal alteration processes associated with reservoir rocks in geothermal systems. From magnetic data, data correction is done with IGRF correction and diurnal correction to produce a dipole total magnetic anomaly contour map. Reduction to pole (RTP) and upward continuation processes with a height of 50 m, 100 m, and 250 m to see the low anomaly values ​​due to demagnetization. 2-dimensional forward modeling shows the reservoir has a low susceptibility with a value of 0.000013 cgs at a depth of 500-1400 m below sea level. Then, 3-dimensional inversion modeling shows the susceptibility value around -0.003 to 0.035 cgs as a reservoir at a depth of 500-1300 m below sea level. The results of 2-dimensional forward modeling and 3-dimensional inversion are correlated with the 3-dimensional inversion model of AMT data and forward 2 dimensional gravity data. From the results of integrated interpretation, the reservoir is located around the outflow zone at a depth of 500-1300 m below sea level."