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"Inflamasi umumnya diterapi dengan obat Antiinflamasi Non Steroid (AINS) yang memiliki efek samping serius, seperti gangguan saluran cerna, sehingga perlu dicari terapi lain yang memiliki efek samping yang lebih ringan, salah satunya digunakan infus rambut jagung (Zea mays L.). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek antiinflamasi infus rambut jagung yang diberikan secara oral ditinjau terhadap penurunan udem pada telapak kaki tikus yang diinduksi dengan karaginan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan metode Winter yang telah dimodifikasi pada 25 ekor tikus putih jantan, yang dibagi dalam 5 kelompok. Kelompok I, II dan III diberikan infus rambut jagung, yaitu 1,8; 3,6 dan 7,2 g/200 g BB, kelompok IV yang diberikan natrium diklofenak 27 mg/200g BB sebagai kontrol positif dan kelompok V diberikan CMC 0,5% sebagai kontrol negatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dosis I, II, dan III memiliki efek antiinflamasi ditinjau dari penurunan volume telapak kaki. Berdasarkan persentase penghambatan udem, dosis III memiliki potensi antiinflamasi yang lebih besar daripada dosis I dan II. Bahan uji ketiga dosis tersebut memiliki potensi lebih kecil daripada natrium diklofenak.

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AbstractInflammation is usually treated by Non-steroid Antiinflammatory Drug (NSAID) that has seriously side effect in gastrointestinal tract. So, we need to find another therapy that has lower side effect than them, which is infusa corn silk (Zea mays L.). The aim of this study was to determined antiinflammatory effect of infusa corn silk which had been given orally, reviewed to decrease edema on hind paw of male rats induced by carrageenan. This study used Winter method that had modified at 25 male rats which had been divided into five groupes. Group I, II and III had been given with infusa corn silk each of them 1,8; 3,6 dan 7,2 g/200 g BW, group IV had been given diclofenac sodium 27 mg/200 g BW as positive control, and group V had been given orally and CMC 0.5% as negative control. The results showed dose I, II, and III have antiinflammatory effects in terms of decreased foot volume. Based on the percentage inhibition of edema, dose III has the potential antiinflammatory greater than dose I and II. Three doses of test substance has the potential smaller than diclofenac sodium. "

"ABSTRAKSediaan padat dapat menyebabkan resiko tersedak apabila digunakan secara oral pada lansia maupun balita. Hal ini dapat diatasi dengan menggunakan bentuk sediaan film. Karaginan merupakan polimer alam yang sering digunakan sebagai bahan pembawa obat dalam sediaan gel maupun film. Polimer karaginan sering kali terdegradasi dan sulit untuk membentuk gel karena sifatnya yang larut dalam air panas. Kehadiran ion divalen dapat membantu proses terbentuknya gel pada karaginanan dengan mekanisme tautan silang. Pengamatan terhadap pengaruh metode pembuatan gel karaginan dan kalsium klorida sebagai basis film dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi dari film yang dihasilkan. Film dibuat dengan mencampurkan larutan karaginan dengan larutan kalsium klorida melalui tiga metode, yaitu metode tetes, metode tuang dan tanpa kalsium klorida. Film yang dibuat dengan penambahan kalsium klorida memiliki daya mengembang yang baik namun kekuatan mekanisnya lemah. Penggunaan kalsium klorida dalam konsentrasi tinggi mengurangi kekuatan mekanis dari film sehingga film ini lebih cocok bila digunakan sebagai sediaan film sublingual.

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ABSTRACT

Solid dosage may cause choking risks when used orally in geriatric or pediatric. This can be resolved by using the film dosage forms. Carrageenan is a natural polymer that is often used as a drug carrier in the preparation of gels and films. Carrageenan polymers are often degraded and difficult to form a gel because it is soluble in hot water. The presence of divalent ions can help the process of gel formation in carrageenan with cross-link mechanism. Observation of the influence of manufacturing methods carrageenan gel and calcium chloride as a film base performed to determine the potential of the resulting film. The film is made by mixing a solution of calcium chloride solution carrageenan through three methods, namely drip method, cast method and without calcium chloride. The film made with the addition of calcium chloride has expanded good swelling property but weak mechanical strength. The use of calcium chloride in high concentration reduces the mechanical strength of the film so the film is more suitable when used as a sublingual film dosage form."

"ABSTRAKGelatin merupakan polimer alam yang bersifat kationik. Sifat kationik tersebut membuat gelatin dapat berinteraksi dengan polimer anionik membentuk kompleks polielektrolit (KPE). Dalam penelitian ini, karaginan digunakan sebagai polimer anionik yang berinteraksi secara ionik dengan gelatin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat dan mengkarakterisasi KPE gelatin-karaginan yang akan digunakan sebagai basis dalam sediaan film bukal. Larutan gelatin dan karaginan masing-masing dibuat 3% (b/v) dicampur dengan perbandingan 1:1. Perbedaan karakterisasi KPE gelatin-karaginan dengan polimer asalnya ditunjukan dengan analisis gugus fungsi, analisis termal, daya mengembang, kekuatan gel dan uji mukoadesif. Selanjutnya KPE digunakan sebagai basis dalam tiga formula sediaan film bukal. Formulasi sediaan dibuat dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi propilen glikol sebagai plastisizer yaitu pada konsentrasi 20%, 30% dan 40%. dengan ketoprofen sebagai model obat. Film bukal formula dua dengan konsentrasi propilen glikol 30% memiliki kekuatan bioadesif terbesar yaitu 7,17 gF.

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AbstractGelatine is a natural cationic polymer. That cationic character makes gelatine can interact with anionic polymer to form polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) . In this research, carrageenan is used as anionic polymer that interact ionically with gelatine. The purpose of this research is to produce and to characterize gelatin-carrageenan PEC that will be used as basis of bucal film. Gelatine solution and carrageenan, each of it is made 3% (b/v), are mixed with a ratio of 1:1 (v/v). The differences between gelatine-carrageenan PEC and its origin polymer are shown by functional group analysis, thermal analysis, swelling capacity, gel strength, and mucoadhesive test. The PEC is then used as basis for 3 formula of bucal film . The formulation is also combined with propylene glycol as plastisizer with concentration of 20%, 30% and 40% with ketoprofen as a model. The mucoadhesive test shows that the highest bioadhesive strength of PEC gelatine-carrageenan bucal film with propyleneglycol concentration of 30% is 7.17 gF."

"The gastroretentive dosage form is designed to prolong the gastric residence time of the drug delivery system which also results in the development of an appropriate excipient. The purpose of this study is to develop and characterize co-processed excipient made from carrageenan (kappa-iota = 1:1) and pregelatinized cassava starch propionate (PCSP) in ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. PCSP was prepared with propionic anhydride in an aqueous medium. The product was mixed with carrageenan (kappa-iota = 1:1), as well as characterized physicochemical and functional properties. The co-processed excipient was then used as a mucoadhesive granule and floating tablet. The USP Basket was selected to perform the dissolution test of the granules in HCl buffer (pH 1.2) and distilled water for 8 hours each. Mucoadhesive properties were evaluated using bioadhesive through a vitro test and wash-off test. As for the floating tablet, the USP Paddle was selected to perform the dissolution test of the tablets in 0.1 N HCl for 10 hours. The floating lag time and floating time were tested in 0.1 N HCl for 24 hours. The result of these studies indicated that co-processed excipient carrageenan-PCSP can retard dosage form in gastric and drug controlled release, thus making it a suitable material for the gastroretentive dosage form."

"Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pupuk NPK BASF dan pupuk pelengkap cair T-N-F pada berbagai taraf perlakuan yang di laksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi Medan....."

"Inflammation is tissue respons of the body to injury and infection, is ssually cure by medicine class AINS that has seriously side effect, such as disturbance digestion. Mangkokan leaf (Nothopanax scutellarium Merr.) in empirical can be used as antyinflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal dose that had greatest inhibition edema effect in plantar of male white rats furrow Sprague–Dawley induced by 2% carrageenan.This study used Winter method that had modified at 30 male rats which had been divided into five groupes. First groupe had been given with CMC 0.5% as negative control, groupe II, III, and IV had been given with variation dose 0,9; 1,8 dan 3,6 g dried powder/200 g BW, and groupe V had been given diclofenac sodium as positive control, and each of them had been given orally. The measuring volume edema continued every one hour during seven hours.The result show that infusa of mangkokan leaf at dose 3,6 g dried powder/200 g BW has greatest inhibition percentage, about 38,65% and statitical value (p<0.05) showed significant differences with negative control at third until fourth hour after injection carrageenan.

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Inflamasi merupakan suatu respon jaringan pada tubuh terhadap cedera dan infeksi, yang pada umumnya diterapi dengan obat golongan AINS yang memiliki efek samping serius, diantaranya gangguan pencernaan. Daun mangkokan (Nothopanax scutellarium Merr.) secara empiris digunakan sebagai antiinflamasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan dosis optimal yang dapat memberikan efek penghambatan udem terbesar pada telapak kaki tikus putih jantan galur Sprague-Dawley yang diinduksi karagenin 2%.Pada penelitian ini digunakan metode Winter yang telah dimodifikasi pada 30 ekor tikus putih jantan, yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok. Kelompok pertama diberikan CMC 0,5% sebagai kontrol negatif, kelompok II, III, dan IV diberikan variasi dosis ekstrak, yaitu 0,9; 1,8 dan 3,6 g serbuk kering/200 g BB tikus, serta kelompok V yang diberikan natrium diklofenak sebagai kontrol positif secara per oral. Pengukuran volume udem berturut-turut dilakukan setiap jam, selama 7 jam.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa infus daun mangkokan memiliki persentase penghambatan tertinggi pada dosis 3,6 g serbuk kering/200 g BB tikus sebesar 38,65% dan berdasarkan uji statistik (p< 0,05) menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna dengan kontrol negatif pada jam ketiga hingga keempat."

"The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of water deficit on the growth and yield of corn . The variety of corn used in this research was new and doesnt have market label. This research in conducted under plastic house on the experimental farm of Lampung University from August to October 2007..."

"Mycotoxins wich are secondary metabolites of fungi contaminate agricultural products such as corn and have deleterious effects on human and animal...."

"Corn seed subsidy policy is one of the ministry of agriculture's development programs which was estabilished in 2006 and continued in 2008 . The aim of this policy is to increase area of hybrid corn, increase production and productivity, open job opportunity and improve farmer's income,acclerate the developmentof national corn seed industry, provide feed industry and raw material for food industry and support corn self-sufficiency program...."