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"Kedatanga mahasiswa Indonesia ke Mesir abad ke-19 dipengaruhi oleh semangat menuntutilmu, hususnya ilmu agama Islam di UniversitasAlAzhar yang menjadi pusat ilmu pengetahuan Islam setelah Mekah dan Medinah. Hubungan Indonesia-Mesirsecara menonjol terjadi setelah peranh Dunia 1 ketika seorang mahasiswa Indonesia, Syekh Ismail Muhammad Al-Jawi mendirikan Riwaq Jawi atau Ruak Jawa(asrama Jawa) di Universitas Al-Azhar. Kata"Jawa" digunakan sebagai pengganti kata"Indonesia" di negara-negara Arab, karena di masa penjajahan Jawa menjadi pusat pemerintahan, kebudayaan, pendidikan, dan eksport-import. Maka segala sesuatu yang datang dari Indonesia dinamakan Jawi, bearti dari jawa, seperti teh Jawi, gula Jawi, dan lainnya hingga kemenyan dinakan Jawi. Ruak Jawa yang merupakan ruak kecil terletak di antara Riwaq Salmaniyyah ynag meliputi mahasiswa dari Afganistan dan Khuurasan, dan Riwaq Al-Shawan untuk orang-orang Suriah. Tetapi jumlah orang yang menempati Ruak Jawa sangat sedikit, hanya 11 orang sesuai dengan jumlah potongan roti yang dibagikan ruak tersebut. Pada waktu iti, Ruak Jawa yang dipimpin oleh Syekh Ismail Muhammad Al_Jawi,juga memiliki sebuah perpustakaan. Dalam perjalanan sejarah hubungan Indonesia-Mesir, keberadaan mahasiswa Indonesia mainkan peranan penting dalam mempercepat proses pengakuan negara-negara Arab terhadap proklamasi kemerdekaan RI. para mahasiswa itulah yang melakukan pendekatan terus menerus terhadap pejabat-pejabat Mesir dan Wakil negara-negara Arab lainnya, terutama di Iskanrdariah ketika berkumpul dalam rangkamembentuk Liga Ara."

"Diplomasi RI di Mesir berhasil menarik simpati negara-negara Arab lainnya untuk mengakui kedaulatan RI, seperti Syria, Yordania, Libanon, Irak, Yaman, dan Saudia Arabia. Akan tetapi, tidak sedikit faktor pendukung dan penghambat usaha tersebut. Latar belakang dukungan Mesir terhadap propaganda perjuangan kemerdekaan dan pencarian pengakuan RI dari dunia international adalah adanya keinginan Mesir untuk mengisi kekosongan kekhalifahan umat Islam setelah timbangnya kekuasaan Turki yang pernah menjadi pemersatu umat Islam sebelumnya. Selain itu, Mesir melalui Liga Arab ingin membantu seluruh negara yang mayoritas berpendudukan muslim agar dapat lepas dan merdeka dari kolonialisme dan imperialisme. Dari uraian di atas ternyata diplomasi RI di luar negeri memiliki garis hubungan politik dengan perkembangan politik secara nasional di Indonesiadan wawasan politik kaum intelektual Indonesia di Mesir mengikuti wawasan kebangsaan di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, perkembangan yang terjadi di Indonesia, juga terjadi di Mesir yang diawali dengan pembentukan organisasi-organisasi mahasiswa indonesia yang menjalankan propaganda perjuangan kemerdekaan dan pencaharian pengakuan kedaulatan dari negara-negara Arab."

"One of the important -features. of the 'Arab-Indonesians in Indonesian history is that the Arab-Indonesians have been assimilated themselves into indigineous people. Except in very limited cases, it is very difficult for anybody to distinguish Arab-Indonesians from other Indonesians. Most people consider this assimilation is due to Islam, the religion of all Arab-Indonesians and the religion of the majority of Indonesians. Few people consider it due to the high rate of intermarriage between the Arab-Indonesians and Indonesians. Arab-Indonesians call Indonesians as akhwal, "brothers of their mothers". In addition to the two matters above, this writing tries to present another important matter, that is the role of the Arab-Indonesians in the struggle of Indonesian independence movement. Almost all Arab-Indonesians were on the Indonesians' side against the Dutch, and to some extent Arab-Indonesians had received similar treatment as their brothers, the Indonesians, during the: Dutch colonial period. The first modern movement of Arab-Indonesians, Jamiat Khair, has paid intensive attention to Indonesians. The Jamiat Khair not only receives Indonesians as its members,- such as KHA Dahlan, the founder of Muhammadiyah, but also accepts Indonesian children to its schools. Many Indonesian children have been and are still educated there. These all can also be seen in the other Arab-Indonesian organizations, such as al Irsyad and al Chairaat. Some Arab--Indonesian leaders have great influence on the Indonesians and their leaders. Syekh Ahmad Surkati, the spiritual leader of al Irsyad, for example, was at once KHA Dahlan's closest friend and teacher. He was also the teacher of many Indonesian leaders such as Moh. Roem, M. Rasjidi, Junus Anies, Kasman, Natsir, A. Hassan, and Hail Zamzam, one of the founders of Fersis, Persatuan Islam. Unfortunately, there has been constant dispute among the Arab-Indonesians themselves until the foundation of PAI, Partai Arab Indonesia, by Baswedan and other muwalads, the mixed and local born Arab-Indonesians. Despite their claim that Indonesia is their only mother country, and they struggled, on the side of'Indonesians against the Dutch, all non-Islamic organizations, except Gerindo, refused to accept Arab---Indonesians as their members. After the declaration of Indonesian Independence, however, all Arab-Indonesians became Indonesian citizens. They hand in hand with the Indonesians defended the Republic of Indonesia against the Dutch and their colaborators. Many Arab--Indonesians not only became members but also leaders of both Islamic and non-Islamic organizations, such as PSI, Partai Socialis Indonesia, and PNI, Partai Nasional Indonesia."

"ABSTRACTMothers of the Nation or ibuism is a term that is often considered negative in the study of womens history. This is related to the nations political journey, during which the New Order regime took power, the terminology was used to control and dominate women in Indonesia. Further explored, in the 19205, the spirit of nationalism are grew, including among the (priayi) noble women. They formed an association and held the Indonesian Womens Congress I in 1928. According to Susan Blackburn, what women did at the time was their nationalistic form, becoming Mothers of the Nation. Using a historical approach, this paper seeks to retrace how early noble women came into existence and formulated their ideas of nationalism. The sources used are the result of literature studies, whether magazines, books, scientific papers, memoirs or biographies of women movement. This paper also use oral and photo sources to complete the experiences of women who involved in this topic."

"Indonesia is turning its phase from transition towards democratization through general elections since 1999. After three legislative election in 1999, 2004, and 2009, the country still shows its difficulties in realizing its democratic consolidation ..."