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"In 1859, Italy for the first time introduced a national education system, which main purpose was to demolish illiteracy throughout t.he nation. In 1923, the structural foundation for in first level education (basic and intermediate education) was formed. Through time, Italian education system has been reformed to reach its general direction as well as to cope with the changes of time. Higher education reformation in Italy is aimed to reach a general direction called "a european space of high school education" and this direction is an answer to the demand of change, to the globalization, and to the enlargement of European Union membership. However, the question now is if the original general direction which was mentioned in the Casati?s law, which aimed to demolish illiteracy, then, through time, is transformed to demolish illiteracy in informatics' technology in the platform of reformation in higher education. The establishment of new norms in EuropeaN's higher education system could be an indicator of general improvement in Europeans higher education system."

"The structure of higher education organizations always reflect the belief of those who develop the institutions. This article discusses some impacts of goverment's intervention regarding university organizations in newly drafted higher education regulation. The author believes that higher education paradigm shift only occurs when a university essentially adopts a bundle of new modes of of thinking in dealing with economic, political, social, and cultural phenomena. The shift should not be intervened by any other parties outside the university including by the government through certain regulation. Such intervention will only harm the heterogenous scientific thinking among Indonesian academic communities."

"The stagnant of Islam is started with the abolition of Khalifah system in governance and the division of kingdom as province by which it raised the spirit of raising independent nations. The nations then separate information and knowledge so that the syekh do not get full authority in developing scientific community or halaqoh. The reformation of Islam does not only function as a bridge from the tradition of Greece and new Islam but it develop knowledge by using different tradition among Muslim scholars"

"Makalah disampaikan dalam seminar tentang Badan Hukum Pendidikan (BHP) sebagai penyelenggara pendidikan, tanggal 12-13 Juli 2005 di Yogyakarta "