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"The increasing demands on energy supply especially for natural gas and oil in the European Unions has made the bargaining power of Russia and Turkey stronger. Just before the raising oil prices, these country played a small part in the "giant" EU political-economic game. However, things turn to be interesting when Russia turns to act as the game - director using its superiority as the major supplier of EU energy. As well as Russia, Turkey's geopolitical advantage as the new East-West energy corridor, bridging the east energy producer and the west consumer, will become a key player actor for EU energy security supply. This paper will examine the European Union Energy Challenges and its dilemma in securing their energy supply."

"A new, more assertive and confident Russia is emerging from the ashes of the old Soviet Union. Given its huge oil and gas reserves, energy policy could well be instrumental in the future of Russia's foreign policy. Under a strong leadership of President Vladimir Putin, the new Russia is gaining in influence through a series of strategic moves revolving around in geopolitical assets in energy. Developments Flaming of the Russian [gas and oil] pipelines, laid down in t.he Energy Strategy 2003, are all but indicative of how the Plan served both economic and strategic considerations. Westward, the Plan may widen the wedge between the old and new member of NATO and/ or the European Union. Eastward, the Russian may succeed to grasp the olive branch of japan and the Friendship of China. As an equal partner of the West and a nearly-dominant peer of the East, Russia managed well a balance- exchangeable-relation to shift preference from one to the other and, more importantly, to drive squabble inside the crowds. A Eurasian order is about to emerge, with the Russian Federation at the centre~stage."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai peranan Ukraina dan Belarus dalam hubungan perdagangan Rusia dan Uni Eropa di sektor energi selama periode 2004-2009. Peranan Ukraina dan Belarus dilihat dari fungsinya sebagai negara transit di dalam struktur perdagangan energi di kawasan, fasilitas infrastruktur dan jalur transportasi yang dimiliki, dan juga diplomasinya di sektor energi dinilai dapat menunjukkan peranan kedua negara tersebut terhadap perdagangan energi Rusia dan Uni Eropa. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa fasilitas infrastruktur dan jalur transportasi energi transit yang dimiliki oleh Ukraina dan Belarus sangat berperan terhadap perdagangan energi Rusia dan UE. Selain itu, peranan Ukraina dan Belarus juga didukung oleh kondisi sistem politik, fasilitas energi transit, dan keadaan pasar energi domestik di kedua negara. Selanjutnya, diplomasi energi di antara negara-negara transit (Ukraina dan Belarus) dengan negara pemasok energi (Rusia) juga sangat berperan dalam kelancaran pengiriman pasokan energi dari Rusia ke UE. Konflik-konflik energi yang terjadi di antara keduanya dapat berpotensi menimbulkan gangguan-gangguan terhadap kelancaran perdagangan energi Rusia dan UE.

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This thesis analyses the role of Ukraine and Belarus in the energy trade between Russia and EU in the period of 2004-2009. Ukraine and Belarus are viewed based on their functions as the transit energy country within the regional energy trade structure, their energy infrastructures and transportation routes, and also their diplomacies in the energy sector are considered to be able to describe the role of the two countries on the energy trade between Russia and EU. This theis is using qualitative research with descriptive method. As the result of this thesis, it is concluded that energy infrastructure facilities and transportation routes play significant roles within the regional energy trade. Moreover, the roles of Ukraine and Belarus as energy transit countries are also supported by their political systems, domestic energy transit facilities, and also their domestic energy markets. Furthermore, energy diplomacies between transit energy countries (Ukraine and Belarus) and energy supplier country (Russia) also play an important role in ensuring the reliability of energy supply from Russia to EU. Energy conflicts that have happened show potential energy disturbances toward the regional energy trade."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang bentuk implementasi dari diplomasi ekonomi yang dijalankan oleh Putin terhadap Uni Eropa dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan perbandingan antara kebijakan keamanan energi masa Putin dengan masa Yeltsin. Diplomasi ekonomi ini menjadikan energi sebagai instrumen kebijakannya. Kemudian sengaja dikaitkan dengan peristiwa sengketa gas Rusia-Ukraina untuk lebih mempertajam analisis mengenai intensitas hubungan interdependensi Rusia- Uni Eropa dalam sektor energi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan kualitatif dan jenis penelitian eksplanatori. Kemudian hasil kesimpulannya adalah teridentifikasinya penyebab lahirnya diplomasi energi Putin terhadap Uni Eropa, yang terdiri dari faktor internal dan eksternal, sebagai implementasi dari paradigma yang beranggapan bahwa energi adalah komoditas strategis.

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The thesis is focused on the speaking about the implementation form of economic diplomacy which adopted by Putin towards European Union, in order to find the comparation between energy security policy in Putin era with Yeltsin era. This economic diplomacy was took the energy as its policy tool. Then, deliberately related with the incident of Russia-Ukraine gas conflict to exacerbate strongly the analysis about the intensity of Russia-Ukraine interdependency relations in energy sector. The research use the method of qualitative approach and explanatory research type. The result that can to be conclused is the identification about the cause of energy diplomacy emerging in Putin era towards European Union, which contained to both two factors, internal and external, as the implementation from the paradigm which assume that energy is a strategic commodity."

"Sesuai perkiraan , tekanan terhadap APBN akibat harga minyak dunia yang kini berada di atas US $ 120/barel akhirnya direspon oleh Pemerintah dengan rencana menaikkan harga BBM dalam waktu yang tidak terlalu lama...."

"Penetapan Kalimantan Timur sebagai Ibu Kota Negara (IKN) baru berdampak perlipatan kebutuhan energi. Diusulkan prinsip dasar pemenuhan kebutuhan energi serta konsumsi energi: (i) Menjadikan pembangunan IKN momentum mengembangkan sistem penyediaan energi Kalimantan secara luas, (ii) Mengandalkan pemenuhan kebutuhan energi dari sumber-sumber lokal, (iii) Mengutamakan sumber-sumber energi Kalimantan untuk Kalimantan terlebih dahulu, (iv) Mengutamakan penggunaan energi bersih dan terbarukan, (v) Mengembangkan/ memperkokoh interkoneksi infratruktur energi se-Kalimantan, serta (vi) Menggunakan energi secara efisien. Diusulkan proyek strategis energi: (i) Pembangunan jaringan transmisi gas bumi dari lokasi ketersediaan gas bumi (atau LNG) di Kalimantan Timur ke IKN, (ii) Penguatan jaringan transmisi interkoneksi kelistrikan seKalimantan, (iii) Pembangunan PLTA skala besar memanfaatkan potensi sungai-sungai besar di Kalimantan, (iv) Pembangunan installasi dan penggunaan energi bersih, dan (v) Pembangunan sistem transportasi hemat energi dan ramah lingkungan."