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"The end of the Cold war, marked by the collapse of the Soviet Union's communism has brought about the new political phenomenon. This phenomenon has given the impact not only to the dimension on international relations, but also, which even more important, to the evolution and progressive development of the world organization such as the United Nations. The application of a great deal of mandatory sanctions under Chapter VII as for instance, which was never practiced during the Cold War period, had given a lot of legal perplexities, particularly the three components of that Chapter, namely action with respect to threat to the peace, breaches of the peace, and the last is the primary important that are acts of agression. Moreover, on the consideration of the question of 'war of aggresion' constituting one of the International Criminal Court`s jurisdictions in the drafting of Statute of Rome, had been inconclussive, and no progress had been made. This article, therefore, may contribute to further development of the analysis of the core problem."

"Kekalahan Indonesia atas Malaysia dalam kasus sengketa atas pulau-pulau Sipadan dan Ligitan yang diputuskan oleh Mahkamah Internasional di Den Haag akhir tahun 2002 yang lalu memunculkan kembali kontroversi di kalangan para pemerhati hukum internasional mengenai prinsip-prinsip perolehan kedaulatan atas wilayah negara, khususnya mengenai prinsip "pendudukan efektif" atau "effective occupation". "

"Tulisan ini membahas keabsahan Agresi Militer Belanda I dan II (Periode 1947-1949) ke Indonesia dilihat dari sudut pandang Hukum Internasional. Aksi Militer Belanda I dan II terhadap Indonesia selalu disamarkan dengan penggunaan istilah Aksi Polisionil oleh Belanda. Pengertian Aksi Polisionil dalam hokum internasional ternyata berbeda dari Aksi Militer yang dilakukan oleh Belanda terhadap Indonesia. Melihat fakta-fakta dilapangan, Aksi Militer Belanda ternyata lebih tepat dikategorikan sebagai sebuah Agresi Militer ketimbang sebagai Aksi Polisionil. Sebagai sebuah Agresi Militer maka Aksi Militer Belanda tunduk pada rezim Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Ternyata pada beberapa peristiwa, ketentuan yang tercantum dalam Hukum Humaniter Internasional ini dilanggar oleh Belanda. Pelanggaran tersebut dapat membawa dampak pada dinyatakannya beberapa perbuatan Belanda semasa melakukan Agresi Militer sebagai sebuah kejahatan perang.

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This paper discusses the legacy of the Dutch Military Agression I and II (Period 1947 to 1949) to Indonesia from the point of view of International Law. The Dutch Military Aggression against Indonesia had always been camouflaged by using the terminology of Police Action. The definition of Police Action in international law is, in fact, different than that of the Military Action which was undertaken by the Dutch against Indonesia. Given the facts in the field, the Dutch Military Action could be categorized as Military Aggression rather than Police Action. As a Military Aggression, the Dutch Military Action must obey the International Humanitarian Regime. On contrary, in some cases, the Dutch broke the principles contained in International Humanitarian Law. This law disorder has resulted in the declaration that what the Dutch had undertaken during their Military Aggression was a war crime."

"European Union has developed from just merely economic cooperation into much stronger bond among its Member States to include unified currency and common foreign security principle. Nevertheless the biggest challenge for European Union is its own status in international law, whether it obtains status as an international legal person whilst eventually will enable it to play more influential role in international community such as the formation of international law and the shaping of international relation. This article will observe this issue by brought up the internal debates on European Union status in international law."

"The principle of military necessity, in its role as a fundamental legal princnnle underlining international humanitarian law, has been firmly rooted in international law. That is not necessarily the case, however, with its rote as circumstance precluding wrongfulness for violations of humanitarian law norms, much disparity exist among authors and states about the elements, scope, and limitations to its role as preclusion. This article intends to clarify as to what extent the principle of military necessity can operate in the sphere of positive IHL norms."