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"The development policies in Indonesia are based on the principleof quality and harmonious partnership between men and women. Thisprinciple is deeply ingrained in the State Ideology, Pancasila, andConstitution of l94.5. Consequently, this principle of equality is alsoembodied in all regulations and legislative acts of the Republic ofindonesia. including the GBHN adopted everv five years by the People?Consultative Assembly. The GBHN provides direction for the formulationof the Five Year Development Plan. indonesia, in l98-if also ratified theconvention on the Elimination of All Farms of Discrimination AgainstWomen, as stipulated in Act No. 7/1984. Neglecting the endeavor of womenin economic development in particular and national development in generalis an unwise decision. Indonesia? large population is the basic asset fordevelopment. The more so if every citizen regardless of their sex, wouldfully and effectively participate therein. However, data show that the statusof women generally in the society and particularly in the bureaucracysystem is lower than what men can achieve, Therefore, the efforts to attainthe women?s role and status have to be explored in the implementationphase. Besides the level of education, social value of most Indonesianpeople which perceives female as housekeeper rather than the head ofhousehold brings a difficulty for female to reach high position t`ngovernment office. For example there is a conflicting interest betweenhusband and it-Ui: when a wife gets a promotion to other place. In manycases husband does not agree to accompany his wife. Consequently, womenrefuse the promotion. On the contrary, when husband gets a promotion toother place. in many cases his wifi: has to accompany him even though itwill sacrifice her current jolt position."

""The 1990s witnessed a surge of feminist human rights scholarship and activism in international law has shaped jurisprudential and institutional developments, yet gender issues and human rights still remain a challenging and evolving field of study. In this collection, Professor Otto brings together seminal works which are united in their aim of questioning the existing gendered hierarchies of power and inequality and the purportedly natural foundations that have justified oppressive gender stereotypes. Included works cover, among others, the history and early developments of women's rights, structural critiques of international human rights law, recognizing new human rights, linking women's economic inequality and human rights and thinking beyond the duality of gender." -- publisher website."

"ABSTRAKBudaya memiliki pengaruh yang besar dalam pembentukan karakter serta pola pengambilan keputusan dalam sebuah negara yang pada akhirnya juga bepengaruh terhadap kesetaraan gender di negara tersebut. Penelitian ini akan menganalisis budaya di Filipina sebagai bagian dari kawasan Asia Tenggara yang dipengaruhi oleh budaya Spanyol dan Amerika Serikat. Adapun studi kasus dalam penelitian ini adalah revisi kebijakan parental leave tahun 2017, yakni Senate Bill No. 1305 sebagai contoh dari hasil kebijakan yang diproduksi olehpemerintah Filipina sebagai bentuk kesadaran akan pentingnya peran ayah dan ibu dalam pemeliharaan sebuah keluarga. Penelitian terdahulu mengenai gender dan negara telah menunjukkan bahwa gender merupakan sebuah elemen yang penting dalam pertimbangan pembuatan kebijakan sebuah negara. Sementara itu, gender erat kaitannya dengan budaya yang berkembang dalam sebuah masyarakat. Dengan menggunakan teori gender dan metode kualitatif, penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh budaya asing yang masuk ke Filipina sehingga mampu memberikan pengaruh pada masyarakat Filipina termasuk kesadaran masyarakat terhadap relasi gender. Penelitian ini juga menganalisis hubungan antara kesetaraan gender di Filipina tersebut dengan revisi kebijakan parental leave dengan melakukan wawancara dan observasi langsung di Manila, Filipina. Temuan dari penelitian ini menemukan adanya percampuran budaya dari Spanyol dan Amerika Serikat telah memberikan kontribusi yang besar terhadap budaya masyarakat Filipina kontemporer.

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ABSTRACTCulture has a large influence in the formation of character and decision-making patterns in a country which would also influence the gender equality in the country. This research analyzes the culture in the Philippines as part of the Southeast Asia region which was influenced by the Spanish and American culture. As for the case studies in this research is the revision of the parental leave policy in the year 2017, i.e. the Senate Bill No. 1305. This bill is an example of a gender-based policy made by the Philippine Government to note the importance of father and mother to nurture a family. Some previous researches on gender and states had shown that gender is an important element in the consideration of a State policy making. Meanwhile, gender is deeply connected with the culture that exist in a society. By using the theory of gender and qualitative methods, this research analyzes the influence of foreign cultures in the Philippines society which then also influenced the awareness in the society towards the equality in the gender relations. The research also analyzes the connection between gender equality in the Philippines with the revision of the parental leave policy by doing interviews and direct observation in Manila, the Philippines. The findings of this research shown the existence of the cultural mixture of Spanish and American had given great contribution to the culture in the contemporary Philippines society."

"Ajaran Islam mendorong pentingnya peran perempuan dalam pembangunan, namun capaian indeks kesetaraan gender negara anggota Organisasi Kerjasama Islam (OKI) masih sangat rendah. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak kesetaraan gender terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di 30 negara anggota OKI periode 2010–2018. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kesetaraan gender pada sub-sample berdasarkan karakteristik sosial-ekonomi negara OKI seperti kondisi konflik dan non-konflik, tingkat pendapatan, dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM). Penelitian ini melakukan regresi balanced panel data menggunakan metode Fixed Effect (FE), dimana kesetaraan gender diukur dengan menggunakan variabel yang dibangun dari sub-dimensi Gender Inequality Index (GII), yaitu rasio edukasi perempuan, partisipasi tenaga kerja perempuan, proporsi perempuan pada kursi parlemen, dan tingkat fertilitas. Hasil regresi menunjukan bahwa kesetaraan gender secara signifikan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara anggota OKI pada tahun 2010–2018, terutama dalam aspek pemberdayaan perempuan, melalui peningkatan rasio edukasi dan partisipasi tenaga kerja perempuan. Selain itu, perbaikan faktor sosial-ekonomi juga mampu memberikan pengaruh lebih besar terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara konflik, berpendapatan rendah, dan IPM rendah. Penelitian ini diharapkan mampu memperkaya literatur mengenai pembangunan ekonomi berbasis perspektif gender dan agama serta memberikan implikasi bagi pembuat kebijakan untuk menyusun strategi pembangunan yang bersifat inklusif

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Islamic teaching encourages the importance of women role in supporting the development, however OIC member countries have very low gender equality index. This research aims to investigate the impact of gender equality on economic growth in selected 30 OIC member countries during 2010–2018. In addition, this study also aims to determine the effect of gender equality within sub-sample, based on socio-economic characteristics (such as: conflict and non-conflict countries, income levels, and Human Development Index categories). Balanced panel data regression using Fixed Effect (FE) model was performed to answer the research questions. This study uses variables constructed from the sub-dimensions of Gender Inequality Index (GII), specifically dimensions of female population with at least some secondary education, female labor force participation, proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments, and fertility rates. The results of this study indicate that gender equality significantly affects economic growth, especially in the aspect of women's empowerment through promoting female education and labor force participation. Furthermore, improvement in socio-economic factors is able to give higher impact on economic growth on conflict, low-income, and low-HDI countries. The empirical result is expected to enrich literature on economic development based on religion and gender perspectives and also has implications for policy makers to develop strategies that encourage inclusive economic growth."