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"Indonesian economy has grown significantly for the past quarter ofcentury. However; welfare of the labors are still in a poor condition This wasindicated by their wages which only around the minimum wages, even after thegovernment of Indonesia raised them several times. In the era of globalizationor in a borderless economic framework, factors of productions become moremobile. Mobility of both capital and labor could be driven by comparativeadvantages of local and regional markets. When the wage IE' too lowdomestically, and when there is a high demand for low-skill workers abroad,tlte labor will migrate to higher-wage countries. On the other hands, when thewage is too high in indonesia, foreign investors who invest in footlooseeindustries may relocate their industries to lower-wage countries. In addition,employer can cut down employment to reduce production cast if the wages aretoo high. Titus, the scissor effects have to be dealt wisely. Increasing minimumwages is not the only way to increase worker's welfare. Improving the_productivity of the labor through formal and informal education is an indirectway of raising the welfare of workers. Considering that the quality ofIndonesia's labor is still very low and the fact that factors of production aremore mobile in this globalization era, improving the quality of workers to bemore competitive globally is seen as a key situation to the problem. "

"Studi mengenai aglomerasi ekonomi sudah cukup banyak dibahas dalam literatur. Akan tetapi, studi yang menunjukkan hubungan kausal di negara berkembang, yang didominasi oleh sektor informal dan pekerja dengan skill yang rendah, masih terbatas. Salah satu kendalanya, pada keterbatasan data longitudinal dan data ukuran perkotaan yang belum dapat menggambarkan kepadatan ekonomi. Untuk melengkapi gap literatur, studi ini memperbaiki ukuran kota menjadi urban dan suburban, yang mencerminkan arus commuting, dengan menggunakan data Landscan 2010 dan 2015 sehingga dapat menggambarkan ukuran kepadatan ekonomi yang lebih baik dan mengurangi bias akibat measurement error. Secara empiris, hubungan kausal antara ukuran kota terhadap premium pasar tenaga kerja individu diperoleh dengan menggunakan skor indeks risiko kejadian gempa dan ukuran kekasaran kabupaten sebagai instrument variable (IV) dan penggunaan industri fixed effect untuk mengatasi masalah endogenitas dalam mengestimasi parameter. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan kota dua kali lebih besar, meningkatkan upah sebesar 53 persen. Hasil ini lebih tinggi dari sebagian besar literatur lainnya, yang disebabkan sampel hanya meliputi wilayah perkotaan dan penggunaan ukuran kepadatan yang lebih presisi dibandingkan berdasarkan batas administratif, sehingga masalah bias akibat measurement error sangat mungkin diatasi dengan baik.

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The study of economic agglomeration has been widely discussed in the literature. However, studies that show causal relations in developing countries, which are dominated by the informal sector and workers with low skills, are still limited. The constraints are limitation of longitudinal data and urban size data, which cannot yet describe economic density. To complete the literature gap, this study improves the size of cities to become urban and suburban, reflecting the flow of commuting, using the 2010 and 2015 Landscan data to measure economic density better and reduce bias due to measurement errors. Empirically, using this density and using the 2SLS estimation technique with instrument variables in the form of earthquake risk and ruggedness measures and using industry and occupation fixed effect, the result of a city twice as large can increase wages 53 percent. This result is higher than most other literature because the sample only covers urban areas. The use of density measurements is more precise than based on administrative boundaries, so the problem of bias due to measurement error is very likely to be adequately resolved."

"Pendidikan adalah hak bagi setiap anak. Anak yang tidak mendapatkan akses pendidikan cenderung menjadi pekerja anak. Hal itu yang mendasari mengapa banyak pemerintah banyak negara di dunia membuka akses yang seluasnya kepada anak untuk bisa bersekolah. Namun pada kenyataannya, sistem pendidikan juga tidak menjamin anak bebas dari bentuk ekploitasi ekonomi. Pengaruh globalisasi dan kapitalisme pada sistem pendidikan menyebabkan anak yang bersekolah menjadi pekerja anak. Selama ini, banyak penelitian kerap memisahan antara pekerja anak dengan anak yang bersekolah, padahal pada kenyataannya anak yang bersekolah juga bagian dari pekerja anak. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sebuah penelitian yang komprehensif mengenai pengaruh globalisasi dan kapitalisme terhadap pelajar yang terjaring menjadi pekerja anak melalui program magang yang dibuat oleh sekolah.

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Every children have right to education. Child who do not get access to education tends to become child labor. That is the reason why many Government in the world open the wide access for the child to take their rights to education in the school. In fact, education system in Indonesia does not guarantee every children who attend the school be free from economic exploitation. Educational system in Indonesia is contaminated by bad effect of globalization and capitalism. As a victim, student become a child labor. Previous researchers has been taken out children who attend school from category of child labor, when in the fact children who attending school are also part of the child labor. Therefore, It needs a comprehensive study on the effects of globalization and capitalism on student who being child labor due to internship which provided by the school. "