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"Orangutan Asia's great ape has relatively solitary style, which prevents a mother for associating with two offspring. Since lactation is the most obvious uniquely maternal service, weaning is often seen as the essential transition to the ability to survive. However, the mother serves multiple functions: in addition to nutrition, she provides transportation, shelter (against elements), and protection (against conspecifics and predators), and demonstrates numerous skills that the offspring can learn, including knowledge of food species (diet competence), foraging techniques (foraging competence), and efficient use of the range (ranging competence). The offspring eventually has to reach independence in all these aspects, but does not necessarily do so at the same time for all of them (van Noordwijk and van Schaik, 2005). This study of two wild adolescence female orangutans (Kondor, 9.5 years old and Milo, 7.5 years old) and their mother (Kerry with 31 year old second offspring and Mindy with 24 year old second offspring) was conducted at secondary forest the Tuanan Research Station, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. To describe their development of independence, data on their activity budget, nesting behavior, ranging strategies and social interaction (distance intensity with mother, feeding tolerance, and reproduction behavior) were collected during two periods (December 2006 to May 2007 and September 2008 to September 2009). The behavior of a study animal was recorded using the instantaneous focal-animal sampling technique and ad libitum for social interaction, while vertical methods for nesting behavior, and GIS Arc View 3.3 for Day Journey Length (DHL) also minimum convex polygon (MCP) for home range size. The proportion of time spent in moving and social are higher with adolescence females comparing their mother. The intensity of the distance affects the process of nest building. It showed by the differences in the duration of nest building and position of the nest. The day journey length and home ranges of adolescence females are longer and larger compared with their own mother. However, the overlapping still high (85-89%) and made them tend to spent feeding tolerance often and longer with their own mother than other orangutans. Larger home ranges lead the offspring having interaction with other orangutans, especially with males. Sexual interactions (attempt copulation, intromission and force copulation) between adolescence female orangutans more frequent happened with unflanged males compared with flanged males."

"Sebagai penetap, orangutan betina hampir menghabiskan seluruh waktu hidupnya pada area yang sama. Beberapa bukti dari penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa area jelajah orangutan betina stabil dari tahun ke tahun. Sebagai respon dari kelangkaan tumbuhan buah, orangutan betina mungkin dapat merubah pemanfatan ruang mereka. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi area jelajah dan ukuran pemanfaatan ruang dari orangutan betina yang dibandingkan antar periode kelimpahan dan kelangkaan buah. Secara lebih jauh faktor yang menentukan pola ketersediaan tumbuhan berbuah juga diidentifikasi dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama 12 bulan (November 2012-Oktober 2013) di Stasiun Penelitian Tuanan Kalimantan Tengah. Metode fruit trail digunakan untuk mengestimasi kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah dalam 9 transek dan total panjang transek sebesar 28 Km. Model interpolasi Kringing digunakan untuk mengkuantifikasi dan menentukan area yang produktif menghasilkan buah. Bulan November diidentifikasi sebagai masa puncak kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah sedangkan bulan terendah terjadi di Juni. Perbandingan kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah pada tingkat spesies dianalisis dengan uji Kruskall-Walis menunjukkan 10 spesies yang mendominasi tumbuhan berbuah. Akar kamunda (Leuchoplaos callicarpus) adalah spesies dengan kelimpahan tertinggi. Area yang produktif menghasilkan buah yang dihasilkan dari uji interpolasi Kriging menunjukkan korelasi dengan kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa wilayah yang produktif berubah dari waktu ke waktu dan dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor spasial dan temporal. Berdasarkan model analisis regresi berganda, kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah dipengaruhi oleh kedalaman gambut, jarak dari sungai dan curah hujan. Model terbaik yang dihasilkan dari analisis tersebut adalah y = -2, 39 + (0,24) curah hujan + (-0,12) jarak dari sungai + (-0,38) kedalaman gambut. Tetapi koefisien determinasi dari model ini hanya sebesar 21%, yang menunjukkan bahwa masih banyak faktor yang memengaruhi variasi kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah. Metode focal animal sampling digunakan untuk menentukan pemanfaatan ruang pada orangutan betina. Sampling dilakukan pada empat betina yang paling terhabituasi di area ini. Pemanfaatan ruang dari keempat betina tersebut menunjukkan bahwa area yang dihuni sebesar 302,99 Ha atau 24,25% dari luas area penelitian. Luas daerah jelajah dari masing-masing betina tersebut bervariasi dari 91,9 ha hingga 185,17 Ha. Ukuran jelajah terkecil berasal dari betina tertua (Jinak) sementara daerah jelajah terluas adalah betina termuda (Juni). Analisis dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan ukuran daerah jelajah dari masing-masing individu. Perbandingan ukuran daerah jelajah antar periode kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah tidak berbeda signifikan. Sedangkan perbandingan area jelajah yang tumpang tindih diantara individu antar periode kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah menunjukkan bahwa area tumpang tindih akan menurun pada periode kelangkaan buah begitu juga sebaliknya. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa respon orangutan betina terhadap fluktuasi kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah terjadi pada perubahan daerah tumpang tindih untuk mengurangi kompetisi.

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As the resident, female orangutan spent their entirely lifetime in the same area. Some evidence from previously research has showed the ranging of female orangutan is stable over the years. As the response of fruit scarcity, the female orangutan may changed their space utilization. The aim of this study is to identify the ranging area and size of female orangutan compared between fruit abundance and fruit scarcity periods. Furthermore the factor that determine of fruiting trees availability pattern also identified by this research.

Research was conducted over 12 months (November 2012- October 2013) at Tuanan Research Station Central Kalimantan. Fruit trail method was used to estimates the abundance of fruiting trees within 9 transects and 28 Km total transect lenght. Kriging interpolation model was used to quantification and determine of productive area. November was identified as the peak of fruiting trees abundance while June is lowest month. The fruiting trees abundance comparison within species by Kruskall-Wallis test showed 10 species that dominated the fruiting trees. Akar kamunda (Leuchoplaos callicarpus) is the species with highest abundance. The fruit productive area was resulted by Kriging interpolation model showed correlation with fruiting abundance.

This result indicated that fruit productive area was changed over time and influenced by some spatial and temporal factor. Based on the multiple regression analysis models, the fruiting trees abundance is influenced by peat depth, distance from river and rainfall rate. The best models resulted by multiple regression is combination between three those factor with model y = -2, 39 + (0,24) rain fall + (-0,12) distance from river + (-0,38) peat depth. But with coefficient determination of this models 21%, its showed there are many other factor influenced variation of fruiting trees abundance. The focal animal sampling method was used to determine the space utilization of female orangutan. The sampling from four most habituated female in his area. The space utilization of those female showed that 302,99 ha area was occupied or 24,25% of study area. The ranging size of those female is vary from 91,9 to 185,17 ha. The lowest ranging size is from oldest female (Jinak) while the highest ranging size is from youngest female (Juni).

Analysis with Kruskall-wallis test showed no significant difference of ranging size within individual. The comparison of ranging size between fruit availability period also showed no significant difference. The comparison of overlapping areas within individual between two fruit availability periods showed that the overlapping area will decrease in the fruit scarcity period and vice versa. This result indicated as the response for fluctuation of fruit availability, the female orangutan will changing the overlapping area for reduce their competition."

"[ABSTRAKAktivitas makan merupakan aktivitas dominan yang paling banyak dilakukan oleh orangutan untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan dalam upaya bertahan hidup. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui proporsi waktu makan dan proporsi waktu mencoba makan pada anak orangutan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah instantaneus focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Anak sangat antusias mempelajari kemampuan dan keterampilan untuk bertahan hidup melalui hubungan sosial dengan induknya. Sejak usia 1 tahun anak sudah mulai peering (7,67 %) hingga usia 8 tahun (65 %). Induk merupakan penyangga anak dengan lingkungannya dan panutan yang dicontoh dalam melakukan sesuatu, khususnya perilaku makan. Proporsi waktu makan anak mandiri semakin meningkat dari 0,24 % (1 tahun) hingga 55,1 % (8 tahun) akan meningkat ke arah proporsi makan induknya. Pemilihan jenis makanan dan teknik makan anak orangutan dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik jenis makanan dan teknik yang digunakan oleh induk. Teknik makan yang paling banyak digunakan yaitu teknik dengan menggunakan mulut dan teknik kombinasi yaitu gabungan antara tangan dengan kaki. Hal tersebut dikarenakan anak orangutan selalu bersama induknya dan anak memiliki keterbatasan dalam memperoleh dan mengolah jenis makanan yang sulit dikonsumsi. Toleransi induk juga berperan penting dalam proses kemandirian anaknya, melalui makan bersama pada satu pohon yang sama, transfer makanan dan memberikan makanan yang sulit didapat maupun sulit diproses ketika anak meminta darinya. Selain itu, anak orangutan juga berusaha untuk meningkatkan keterampilannya dengan mencoba mengolah (try feeding) dan terlihat ketika anak orangutan baru mulai mengonsumsi kulit kayu pada usia 4 - 5 tahun dengan tingkat kesulitan tinggi.

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ABSTRACTFeeding activity is the most dominant activity of orangutans to fulfil their needs in an effort to survive. The research aims to know the proportions of feeding time and try feeding in immature orangutans. Research method used was instantaneus focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. Immatures orangutan are very antusiastic about learning abilities and skills to survive through social interaction with mother. Since the age of 1 year old (7,67%) infant have started try feeding until the age of 8 years old (65%). Orangutan mother is child?s buffer with its environment ad role model, in particular the eating behavior. As dependent offsprings getting older, their feeding activity proportion increased to their mothers level from 0,24 % (1 year old) until 55,1% (8 years old). Dependent offspring rely on social interactions with their mother to acquire information about the food type, feeding behaviour, and feeding techniques. Dependent offspring always with their mother to obtain the food that is difficult to consume because mother always tolerance to help and give the food when the dependent offspring beg for food. Try feeding enhances the ability to consume bark since 4 -5 years old, bark is really difficult to get and to process., Feeding activity is the most dominant activity of orangutans to fulfil theirneeds in an effort to survive. The research aims to know the proportions offeeding time and try feeding in immature orangutans. Research method used wasinstantaneus focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. Immaturesorangutan are very antusiastic about learning abilities and skills to survive throughsocial interaction with mother. Since the age of 1 year old (7,67%) infant havestarted try feeding until the age of 8 years old (65%). Orangutan moter is child’sbuffer with its environment ad role model, in particular the eating behaviuor. Asdependent offsprings getting older, their feeding activity proportion increased totheir mothers level from 0,24 (1 year old) until 55,1% (8 years old). Dependentoffspring rely on social interactions with their mother to acquire informationabout the food type, feeding behaviour, and feeding techniques. Dependentoffspring always with their mother to obtain the food that is difficult to consumebecause mother always tolerance to help and give the food when the dependentoffspring beg for food. Try feeding enhances the ability to consume bark since 4 -5 years old, bark is really difficult to get and to process]"

"Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) merupakan Primata endemik Kalimantan Tengah yang memiliki kecerdasan dan keterampilan khususnya dalam membuat sarang sesuai dengan kebutuhan, kenyamanan, dan kondisi habitat. Orangutan tergolong dalam kategori Critically Endangered (CR) berdasarkan kriteria IUCN, karena tingginya ancaman yang menyebabkan populasinya yang terus menurun setiap tahunnya. Sebagian besar penurunan populasi orangutan disebabkan oleh perburuan serta degradasi hutan akibat kebakaran dan perluasan perkebunan kelapa sawit. Salah satu habitat orangutan di Kalimantan berada di hutan Desa Perigi, Mendawai, Katingan, Kalimantan Tengah. Habitat satwa tersebut mengalami isolasi akibat perluasan perkebunan kelapa sawit. Sebelumnya, penelitian mengenai populasi dan karakteristik sarang orangutan di hutan Desa Perigi belum pernah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis populasi dan karakteristik sarang orangutan di hutan Desa Perigi untuk mendukung upaya restorasi ekosistem dan meningkatkan harmonisasi antara kelangsungan hidup orangutan dengan masyarakat Desa Perigi. Pengamatan dan pengumpulan data di lapangan dilakukan selama dua pekan dengan menggunakan metode transek garis dan survei aerial pada tiga jalur transek. Karakteristik sarang orangutan yang diamati meliputi kelas ketahanan sarang, tipe posisi dan tinggi sarang, spesies pohon sarang, keliling (cBH) pohon sarang, tinggi pohon sarang, dan tipe kanopi pohon lokasi sarang. Berdasarkan pemetaan sarang, terdapat 83 sarang orangutan dengan estimasi kerapatan sarang menggunakan metode King sebesar 1.197,6 sarang/km2. Nilai tersebut kemudian diolah sehingga didapat estimasi kepadatan populasi orangutan sebesar 4,5 individu/km2. Penelitian ini menemukan beragam karakteristik sarang yang mengindikasikan bahwa preferensi karakteristik sarang tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh dominansi suatu spesies atau tipe pohon sarang tertentu, melainkan dipengaruhi struktur pohon sarang yang tersedia, ketersediaan pohon pakan, keberadaan satwa lain, dan kondisi habitat tempat orangutan tersebut tinggal. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa meskipun wilayahnya terisolasi dan mengalami kerusakan akibat kebakaran dan banjir, hutan Desa Perigi jika dikelola dengan baik masih berpotensi untuk menyediakan kebutuhan dan mendukung pergerakan orangutan.

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Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) is an endemic subspecies of great ape in Central Kalimantan. It is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) according to IUCN due to high level of threats leading to decreasing population number. The population decline is caused by hunts and forest degradation due to fires and expansion of oil palm plantations. One of the orangutan habitats in Kalimantan is in the forest of Perigi Village, Mendawai, Katingan, Central Kalimantan. This habitat has increasingly become isolated due to the expansion of oil palm plantations in the nearby areas. The research on the population and nest characteristic of orangutan in Perigi Village forest had never been conducted previously. This research aimed at understanding the population condition especially nest characteristic of the orangutan in Perigi Village forest. This study is expected to contribute in the ecosystem restoration and promote harmony between the life of the orangutan and the people of Perigi Village. Data were collected using aerial survey and line transects method. Orangutan nest characteristics observed and noted included nest resistence class, nest position and height on its tree, species of nest tree, circumference (cBH) and height of nest tree, and canopy type of the nest tree. Based on the nest mapping, there were 83 orangutan nests which then processed using the King’s method to obtain the estimation of nest density is 1.197,6 nests/km2. The nest density value then processed to obtain an estimated orangutan density of 4,5 individuals/km2. Based on the analysis of nest characteristics, there are various nest characteristics which indicate that the nest characteristics are not only influenced by a dominant species or type of nest tree, instead they are influenced by the structure of available nest trees, available feeding trees, the presence of other animals, and the conditions of the Perigi Village forest itself. These results show that even though the area is isolated and damaged by fires and floods, the Perigi Village forest is still has the potential to provide and support the needs of orangutan."

"Perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan (Pongo pygmaeus) menjadi gambaran adanya interaksi antara orangutan induk dan anaknya. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pola perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka. Peralihan habitat dari alam ke kebun binatang dapat menyebabkan perubahan perilaku salah satunya perilaku pengasuhan. Perilaku pengasuhan menjadi bagian terpenting dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan orangutan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengamati dan menganalisis pola perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan, sehingga orangutan dapat berperilaku secara alami dan orangutan anak dapat diasuh dengan baik. Subjek penelitian ini yaitu satu orangutan induk (Mony) dan satu orangutan anak (Hope). Metode yang digunakan yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terdapat pola pengasuhan yang terbentuk, yaitu breastfeeding, grooming, following, food sharing, protection, carried, playing, no food sharing, dan aggression. Perilaku pengasuhan tertinggi yaitu perilaku breastfeeding (32,60%), sedangkan perilaku terendah yaitu perilaku no food sharing dan aggression (0%). Pengaruh keberadaan pengunjung membuat perilaku pengasuhan yang muncul memiliki perbedaan, seperti ketika ramai pengunjung perilaku yang mendominasi (following), sedangkan ketika sepi pengunjung perilaku yang mendominasi (breastfeeding). Kesejahteraan orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka, Yogyakarta termasuk ke dalam kategori sangat baik dengan nilai rata-rata 85,20. Perilaku pengasuhan yang diberikan orangutan induk sesuai dengan kondisi anaknya dimana masih usia yang belum disapih. Selain itu, terdapat pengaruh keberadaan pengunjung terhadap beberapa perilaku pengasuhan yang muncul pada orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka.

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Parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) becomes an overview of interactions between parent orangutans and their children. A study regarding the parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo has been conducted. Habitat transition from nature to the zoo can cause changes in behavior, one of which is parenting behavior. Parenting behavior becomes the most important part of the growth and development of baby orangutans. Therefore, this study aims to observe and analyze the parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans, so that orangutans can behave naturally and baby orangutans can be well cared for. The subjects of the study were one parent orangutan (Mony) and one baby orangutan (Hope). Methods used were focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. Based on the results of the study, the parenting behaviors formed were breastfeeding, grooming, following, food sharing, protection, carried, playing, no food sharing, and aggression. The highest parenting behavior was breastfeeding (32,60%), while one lowest parenting behavior was no food sharing and aggression (0%). The influence of visitors made parenting behavior different. When there were many visitors, the dominating behavior was following, while when there were no visitors, the dominating behavior was breastfeeding. The welfare of Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta is included in a very good category with an average score of 85,20. The parenting behavior given by parent orangutans is in accordance with the babies’ conditions, which are not weaned yet. Moreover, there is an influence of visitors on some parenting behavior that appear in Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo."

"Suatu pranata sosial-budaya yang berlaku dalam suatu kempok/komunita tidak hanya merupakan warisan/tradisi masa lalu yang dipertahankan oleh anggota kelompok/komunitas tersebut untuk tujuan/maksud tertentu, tetapi juga merupakan sesuatu yang baru hasil reka cipta individu-individu yang bertindak sebagai agen. Disertasi ini menyajikan fenomena signifikansi peran agen dalam proses produksi dan reproduksi suatu pranata sosial-budaya beserta interakasinya. Secara lebih khusus disertasi ini membahas peran agen dalam memproduksi suatu pranata sosial-budaya yang semula tidak terwujud, serta perubahan dan penumbuhkembangannya dalam konteks adanya minat, interpretasi, kontestasi, kesamaan, dan kesepakatan dari pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan atas pranata sosial-budaya tersebut. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan prosesual dan disajikan dalam bentuk etnografi, disertasi ini mengulas keagenan individu-individu dalam produksi dan reproduksi pranata pelepasliaran orangutan di Suaka Margasatwa Lamandau (Lamandau) Pangkalan Bun, Kalimantan Tengah pada periode tahun 2008—2012. Kisah-kisah pelepasliaran orangutan di Lamandau menunjukkan bahwa terbentuknya pranata sosial dalam suatu komunitas/kelompok sosial merupakan hasil karya agen yang secara aktif daan kreatif berusaha, berstrategi untuk mewujudkan cita-cita/harapan dan keinginannya itu. Untuk mewujudkannya sang agen melakukan sejumlah cara, usaha dan strategi termasuk berkolaborasi di antara para pihak yang saling berinteraksi itu. Pranata sosial-budaya yang terbentuk tidak hanya merupakan wujud kesepakatan di antara para pihak yang berinteraksi, tetapi juga meripakan hasil respon terhadap minat dan kepentingan pihak lain, serta interpretasi oleh individu-individu atas aturan yang telah diciptakan sebelumnya. Atas dasar kesepakatan, penyesuaian, dan interpretasi tercipta seperangkat aturan (rule in use) yang mengatur hal-hal yang boleh, tidak boleh, yang seharusnya, atau yang sebaiknya tidak dilakukan oleh setiap individu yang bersama-sama atau saling berinteraksi melaksanakan suatu kegiatan. Sebuah kesepakatan di antara para agen/aktor atas suatu sumberdaya dapat tercipta sesuai dengan rasionalitas dan interpretasi masing-masing. Oleh karena itu berlakunya suatu pranata sosial-budaya dalam suatu kelompok sosial/komunitas bersifat transaksional di antara para pihak (agen/aktor) yang berkepentingan terhadap suatu sumberdaya tersebut. Penemuan dan penciptaan merupakan proses sosial yang dilakukan setiap hari dalam beragam peristiwa. Melalui beragam interaksi sosial penciptaan itu muncul. Di tangan sang agen penciptaan-penciptaan tersebut kemudian dikembangkan menjadi nilai, aturan untuk mengordikasikan suatu kegiatan, sehingga menjadi bagian dari panata sosial-budaya di kelompok masyarakat/komunitas itu. Interaksi sosial berupa: negosiasi, akomodasi, perbedaan pendapat, dan relasi kekuasaan antaragen merupakan hal-hal universal yang biasa terjadi dalam suatu kelompok sosial/komunitas. Dengan cara-cara tersebut suatu pranata sosial-budaya terus diperbarui sehingga dapat diterima dan dapat menjadi acuan bersama dalam bertindak. Dengan demikian suatu pranata sosial bersifat dinamis. Meskipun suatau pranata sosial-budaya bersifat dinamis, upaya penatamantaban suatu pranta sosial dapat dilakukan. Penatamantaban suatu pranata sosial-budaya dalam suatu kelompok sosial/komunitas terjadi karena adanya mekanisme berbagi (share), dan transfer pengetahuan, keterampilan, atau kebiasaan dari anggota kelompok/komunitas lama terhadap anggota baru. Melalui mekanisme berbagi dan transfer tersebut seperangkat aturan tetap terpelihara/mantab.

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A socio-cultural institution which prevailed in a group/community was not only a legacy/tradition of the past sustained by members of the group/community for particular purpose and goals, but also something new resulted from a creative action of individuals acting as agents. This dissertation presents a phenomenon of agents role significance in the production and reproduction process of a socio-cultural institution and their interactions. This dissertation in particularly discusses the role of agents in producing a socio-cultural institution which initially was not consummated and the change as well as its development in the context of the presence of interest, interpretation, dispute, similarity, and an agreement of parties concerned over the socio-cultural institution. By using procession approach and was presented in the form of Ethnography, this dissertation analyzes the agency of individuals in the production and reproduction of orangutans release regulation at Suaka Margasatwa of Lamandau (Lamandau Wildlife Reserve), Pangkalan Bun, Central Kalimantan in the period of 2008-2012.

The stories of orangutans release at the Lamandau showed that the formation of the social institution in a community/social group was the result of agents work actively and creatively endeavor in order to realize their goals, expectations and desires by conducting a number of ways, efforts, and strategies among others collaboration among the parties which interact. The socio-cultural institution was not only a form of agreement among the parties which interact, but also the result of the response to the interests of other parties, as well as the interpretation by individuals over the rules that have been created previously.

On the basis of an agreement, adjustment and interpretation, it was created a set of rules (rule in use) that regulated matters that may, not allowed to, should be, or should not be done by any individuals mutually interacting to carry out an activity. An agreement among the agents/actors of a resource could be created in accordance with the rationality and interpretation respectively. Hence the socio-cultural institution prevailed in a social group /community was transactional relation among the parties (agents/actors) which interest over resources.

The discovery and the creation are any social processes undertaken daily in a wide array of events through diverse social interaction. In the hands of agents, the creation was then developed into the creation of values and rules to coordinate an activity and to become part of socio-cultural institution in the groups/communities. Social interactions such as negotiation, accommodation, dissent, and the relations of power between agents are universal things that usually occur in a social group/community. By such means, the socio-cultural institution was continually updated so that it could be accepted and could become a common reference. Thus socio-cultural institution has dynamic characteristic. Nevertheless, stabilization efforts of socio-cultural institution in a social group/community could be implemented through the mechanism of share and the transfer of knowledge, skills, or habits from the old members of the group/community towards the new members."

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine individual orangutan home rangesand core areas and identify overlapping areas among individuals. The researchwas conducted over 34 months, at Cabang Panti Research Station, Gunung PalungNational Park, West Kalimantan. Observations were conducted by focal animalsampling, were taken 30 minutes points during focal follows. Data results showthat the average daily journey length of a female orangutan at Cabang Pantiwas762 meters and the average length of a male was 748 meters. Based onKernel analysis, it was determined that a female orangutan home range areaoccupies 33,6% of the research area on average, roughly quivalent to a male?shome range, which occupies 36,9% of the research area. Meanwhile, the averagefemale orangutan core area was 36 ha and average male core area was 43 ha.Among female orangutans, Beth was the adult female who had the largest overlaparea with the male ranges, wheareas Codet (a flanged male) and Zorro (anunflanged male) had the largest overlap areas with the female ranges."

"Orangutan kalimantan yang sebelumnya dipelihara oleh manusia menunjukkan perilaku stereotipe dan tingkat agresivitas yang rendah sehingga mereka sulit untuk bertahan hidup ketika dilepasliarkan. Program rehabilitasi orangutan kalimantan bertujuan untuk mengurangi kemunculan perilaku stereotipe, pengurangan ketergantungan kepada manusia, dan mengembalikan perilaku alami orangutan kalimantan. Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan menganalisis pola perilaku stereotipe dan agonistik pada orangutan kalimantan kandidat rilis di Sintang Orangutan Center. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Sekolah Hutan Jerora, Sintang Orangutan Center. Pengamatan orangutan dilakukan secara instantaneous sampling dengan metode focal animal sampling. Subjek penelitian ini adalah empat orangutan kandidat rilis, yaitu Kingkong, Mongki, Tom, dan Awin. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang didapatkan, keempat individu menunjukkan perilaku stereotipe dan tingkatan perilaku agonistik yang berbeda. Frekuensi kemunculam perilaku stereotipe dan frekuensi interaksi perilaku agonistik di kandang lebih tinggi di bandingkan di sekolah hutan. Perilaku stereotipe yang memiliki kemunculan tertinggi adalah memantul, configure lips, melipat tangan kebelakang, dan menghisap jari. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan perilaku agonistik, orangutan kandidat rilis menampilkan tingkatan agresivitas yang berbeda. Awin merupakan orangutan yang memiliki angresivitas tertinggi dan Mongki merupakan orangutan dengan agresivitas terendah.

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Bornean orangutans previously kept by humans exhibit stereotypic behaviors and low levels of aggression, making it difficult for them to survive when released into the wild. The bornean orangutan rehabilitation program aims to reduce the occurrence of stereotypic behaviors, decrease dependency on humans, and restore natural behaviors in Bornean orangutans. A study has been conducted to analyze the patterns of stereotypic and agonistic behaviors in release candidate bornean orangutans at the Sintang Orangutan Center. This research was carried out at the Jerora Forest School, Sintang Orangutan Center. Observations of the orangutans were conducted using instantaneous sampling with the focal animal sampling method. The subjects of this study were four release candidate orangutans, that is Kingkong, Mongki, Tom, and Awin. According to the research results, the four individuals showed different levels of stereotypic and agonistic behaviors. The frequency of stereotypic behavior and the frequency of agonistic interactions were higher in the cage compared to the forest school. The stereotypic behaviors with the highest occurrence were bouncing, configuring lips, folding arms behind the back, and sucking fingers. Based on observations of agonistic behavior, the release candidate orangutans displayed different levels of aggressiveness. Awin was the orangutan with the highest aggressiveness, while Mongki had the lowest aggressiveness."

"Keberhasilan konservasi orangutan kalimantan (Pongo pygmaeus) ditentukan oleh kesuksesan program pelepasliaran. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk melihat pola perilaku posisi orangutan kalimantan yang akan dilepasliarkan. Penelitian dilakukan di Sekolah Hutan Jerora Sintang Orangutan Center (SOC), Kalimantan Barat. Pengamatan orangutan dilakukan secara instantaneous sampling dengan metode focal animal sampling. Subjek penelitian ini merupakan empat orangutan kandidat rilis (Awin, Kingkong, Tom, dan Oli). Berdasarkan hasil persentase perilaku posisi, Kingkong merupakan orangutan yang paling siap untuk dilepasliarkan, diikuti oleh Awin, Tom, dan Oli. Kingkong dan Awin memiliki persentase posisi di arboreal yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan di terestrial. Tom dan Oli memiliki persentase posisi di arboreal yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan di terestrial. Persentase jelajah Oli merupakan yang paling sedikit. Pengamatan preferensi tumbuhan lokomosi orangutan menunjukkan spesies Lithocarpus sp., Vitex pinnata, Dryobalanops aromatica, Myristica fragans, dan Artocarpus sp. menjadi spesies tumbuhan favorit dari keempat orangutan. Data menunjukkan hanya tiga individu orangutan kalimantan memenuhi salah satu syarat rilis, yaitu dapat bergerak baik secara arboreal dan terestrial.

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The success of bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) conservation is determined by the success of the release program. This research is aimed at the behavioral patterns of the position of Kalimantan orangutans that will be released into the wild. The research was conducted at the Jerora Sintang Orangutan Center (SOC) Forest School, West Kalimantan. Observations of orangutans were carried out using instantaneous sampling using the focal animal sampling method. The subjects of this research were four orangutans who were release candidates (Awin, Kingkong, Tom, and Oli). Based on the results of the percentage of positional behavior, Kingkong is the orangutan most ready to be released, followed by Awin, Tom, and Oli. Kingkong and Awin have a higher percentage of arboreal positions compared to terrestrial positions. Tom and Oli have a lower percentage of arboreal positions compared to terrestrial ones. Oil roaming percentage is the lowest. Observations of orangutan locomotion plant preferences showed that the species Lithocarpus sp., Vitex pinnata, Dryobalanops aromatica, Myristica fragans, and Artocarpus sp. became the favorite plant species of the four orangutans. The data shows that only three Bornean orangutan individuals met one of the release requirements, namely being able to move both arboreal and terrestrial."

"Komunikasi suara memainkan peran penting dalam sistem sosial primata. Dalam kehidupan sosial, orangutan berkomunikasi jarak jauh dengan individu lain melalui seruan panjang (long call). Kemampuan mengeluarkan seruan panjang yang dapat terdengar jauh ini terbatas hanya pada orangutan jantan berpipi. Studi jangka panjang telah dilakukan sejak tahun 1988 di Stasiun Penelitian Ketambe, Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser, Aceh Tenggara mengenai seruan panjang ini.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah:Pertama, mengidentifikasi interaksi antara orangutan jantan berpipi dan antara orangutan jantan berpipi dengan betina.Kedua, menentukan fungsi seruan panjang bagi asosiasi jangkauan suara (earshot association).Ketiga, menentukan pola seruan panjang orangutan jantan, apakah mengeluarkan seruan panjang di lokasi tertentu misalnya pohon Ficus spp., pohon nonFicus spp., dan pohon sarang.Asosiasi jangkauan suara yang digunakan oleh jantan berpipi adalah suatu strategi jantan untuk menjaga jarak dekat dengan betina dan menolak kehadiran jantan lain yang berada di sekitarnya. Meskipun strategi seperti ini pernah diamati oleh para peneliti sebelumnya, kejadiannya di lapangan belum pernah secara kuantitatif diverifikasi. Data dikumpulkan dengan mengikuti individu target menggunakan metode Ad Libitum untuk merekam interaksi yang terjadi.Berdasarkan studi jangka panjang ini, telah dikonfirmasi ada hirarki non-linier antara jantan berpipi dan ada satu jantan dominan. Selain itu, status sosial yang tinggi dari orangutan jantan berpipi adalah tidak permanen. Selanjutnya, betina dewasa diketahui paling sering ditemukan di sekitar jantan berpipi yang dominan, sehingga membentuk asosiasi di sekitar jantan yang dominan. Respon jelajah jantan terhadap seruan panjang saling menjauhi, sebaliknya respon jelajah betinan terhadap seruan panjang saling mendekati.Penelitian yang juga menunjukkan bahwa, asosiasi bergerak mengikuti di sekitar lokasi dan posisi seruan panjang yang dikeluarkan oleh jantan yang dominan telah membuktikan ada asosiasi jangkauan suara (earshot association). Seruan panjang lebih sering dipancarkan di tepi studi area dan juga di pohon sarang tidur. Hasil ini menyimpulkan bahwa seruan panjang berfungsi menjaga dan memandu betina yang tinggal dalam radius jangkauan suara terdengar.

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Vocal communication plays an importan role in primate social system. In a social life, orangutans communicate with other individual through long calls. However, this behavior is limited to the flanged males orangutan. The long-term studies were conducted since 1988 in Ketambe Research Station, Gunung Leuser National Park, Southeast Aceh regarding this behavior; nonetheless, the reasons of long calls are still unclear.

Therefore, the purposes of the study are:

First, identify the interactions of males and females orangutan while long-calls are emitted.

Second, determine the function of long-calls as a guidance to keep earshot association.

Third, determine the pattern of male orangutans long call at a specific locations e.g. fig tree, non-fig tree, and nest tree.

Earshot association is a spacing strategy employed by the flanged males to keep close distance to females, while repelling other males orangutan. Although this strategie has been observed by previous researchers, its existence in the field has never been quantitatively verified before. Data were collected by following the individual target using Ad Libitum method to record their interaction.

Based on this long-term study, a non-linear hierarchy between flanged males and a dominant flanged male is confirmed. In addition, the high social status of flanged males orangutan is not permanent. Furthermore, adult females are most frequently found around the dominant flanged male, thus forming associations around the dominant male.

This study also shows the association is moving around to follow the location and position of long call emitted by the dominant male confirming earshot association. Long calls act as a guidance to keep the association between flanged male and other individuals. When the long-calls emitted by a dominant male, other flanged males are generally keep their distance whereas females are approaching the long-calls? source. The dominant male spend a long time in the fig trees than other males. In addition, males spend their time in the middle of the study area in which overlapped with adult females. Based on the rate of long calls, flanged males more frequently emitted the long calls on the edge of study area and also in the nest tree. These results conclude the long-calls could maintain the association with adult females who live in the similar range with the flanged male (earshot association)."