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"The amendments through Indonesian Constitution of i945 (UUD I945) have impacted to various change including to government system. The change an the government system has came about UUD 1945 (at pre-amendments) is the semi-presidential then it's become hilly presidential system after amended. The -author here also scrutinizes on the government system which had appeared in not only the constitutional level but also on the practice in the national implementations. The author also presents her advices for the legislator members to deeper grasped toward basic concepts which had been exercised by UUD l 945 post-amendments, including the presidential system. its directed to the presidential power to make legislations will not disregard to UUD 1945."

"Unitary state as provided for in Article l (l) injunction with Article i8 of the 1945 Indonesia?s Constitution, as amended in year 2000 in junction with Law No. 32/2004, falls into an decentralized unitary state model with a federalistic sub-model. In dealing with the problem, a research on the actualization of unitary state after the amendment of Article 18 of the 19-I5 Indonesia's Constitution was carried out. Research used methods of juridical-normative, juridical-historical, and juridical-comparative. The results obtained were as follows. First, notional territory is organized into provincial and local/municipal territories. Second, authority relationships between central government and local government and among local governments are in form of coordination, guidance, and supervision in administrative and territorial aspects. Third term of "territories extraordinary in nature" as provided for in Article 18 of the 1945 Indonesia`s Constitution is originally intended as Swapraja and Village. Based on proportionality principle as upheld by Law No. 32/2004. indonesia should pursue a proportional, decentralized unitary state, with a focus of local autonomy on district/municipal. In order to deal with the problem. under constitutional power, Law on Local Government should be invoked in actualizing a unitary state in implementing local governance."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas mengenai tarik ulur antara sistem pemerintahan presidensial dan parlementer dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia masa Orde Baru dan pascaamandemen UUD 1945 ditinjau dari hubungan antara eksekutif dengan legislatif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif, yang mengolah data dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, UUD 1945 ataupun UUD NRI 1945 sama-sama belum memberikan gambaran yang utuh mengenai sistem pemerintahan yang dianut oleh Indonesia sehingga menimbulkan tarik ulur antara sistem pemerintahan presidensial dan parlementer, khususnya dalam masa Orde Baru dan pascaamandemen UUD 1945. Namun, sudah terdapat perbaikan dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia, yang mengandung karakteristik sistem pemerintahan yang sesuai untuk diterapkan di Indonesia saat ini.

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ABSTRACTThe thesis discusses the trade-off between presidential and parliamentary governmental system in constitutional system of Indonesia that had been applied in New Order Era and post-amendment of the 1945 Constitution, which is reviewed in terms of the relationship between executive and legislative. This research is a normative law research, which uses qualitative approach in its data processing. According to the result of research, both UUD 1945 and UUD NRI 1945 have not yet provided a complete picture of governmental system of Indonesia, therefore, it has been creating a trade-off between presidential and parliamentary governmental system, especially in New Order Era and post-amendment of the 1945 Constitution. However, there are some particular improvements in constitutional system of Indonesia that encompasses characteristic of governmental system, which could be suitably applied in recent times."

"Pasal 1 Ayat (1) UUD 1945 menentukan bahwa Indonesia adalah negara kesatuan yang berbentuk republik. Menurut C.F. Strong, pemerintah pusat negara kesatuan memegang kedaulatan internal dan kedulatan eksternal secara absolut dan tidak mengakui adanya badan berdaulat tambahan dalam pemerintahannya. Negara kesatuan sendiri memiliki sifat dasar yang sentralistik dari segi pemerintahannya. Hal tersebut konsekuen dengan ciri-ciri negara kesatuan yang pemerintahan pusatnya sebagai pengemban kedaulatan absolut negara. Lebih lanjut, pada Pasal 1 Ayat (2) UUD 1945 menegaskan bahwa kedaulatan negara berasal dari rakyat dan dijalankan berdasarkan konstitusi. Berdasarkan ketentuan tersebut, pemerintahan Negara Republik Indonesia harus senantiasa menerapkan sistem demokrasi pada lapangan pemerintahan mana pun. Dikaitkan dengan Pasal 18 UUD 1945 bahwa Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia dibagi atas daerah propinsi dan daerah propinsi dibagi atas daerah kabupaten dan kota. Masing- masing daerah tersebut ditetapkan sebagai daerah otonom yang memiliki pemerintahan sendiri, dan masing-masing daerah dipimpin oleh Kepala Daerah yang dipilih secara demokratis. Selaras dengan ketentuan dalam konstitusi, Undang-Ungang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah pada Pasal 24 Ayat (5) mengatur cara pengisian Kepala Daerah yang dipilih secara langsung. Di dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 juga diatur mengenai penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah yang berasaskan otonomi daerah. Hubungan antara susunan negara kesatuan, otonomi daerah dan pemilihan kepala daerah secara langsung dalam negara yang pemerintahannya menganut sistem demokrasi seperti Indonesia adalah fokus bahasan yang akan dianalisis dalam penulisan skripsi ini.

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Article 1 Paragraph 1 of The Constitution 1945, determines that indonesia is an unitary state with structured of unitary and form of republic. According to C.F. Strong, the central government of the unitary state held the internal and external sovereignity absolutely and not admits of additional sovereign organ within in the government. The unitary state it self has a basic characteristic which centralistic in the term of its government. This is consistent with the characteristic features of the unitary state which the central government as the bearers of absolute state sovereignity. Furthermore, Article 1 Paragraph 2 of The Constitution 1945 asserted that state sovereignity comes from citizens and operated according to the constitution. Departing from this recuirment, the government of indonesia has to apply the democratic system in any government field. Associated with article 18 of the constitution 1945 that republic of indonesia is divided into provinces and provinces are devided into districs and municipal areas. In accordance with recuirment in constitution, Act Number 32 of 2004 on Local Government, on Article 24 Paragraph 5 regulates the position charging way of directly elected regional head. In the Act Number 32 of 2004 stipulates regarding about the implementation of local government which based on local autonomy principles. The relation between unitary staate structure, local aoutonomy, and direct local election in the state governing democracies like indonesia is a disccussion that will be analyzed in this thesis."

"A good model government is government that has a high level of organizational effectiveness related to policy formulation and policy implementation in reality. Therefore bureaucracy development as an implementer instution in order to achieve governemnt objective is an imperative necessity...."

"The changes in sectors and linkages in Indonesian economy have been changing thus affecting the structure. This study aims to evaluate the changes in the nation's economic structure by focusing on the development of intra/inter sectors and intra/inter regions linkage using interregional Input-Output (IRIO) model in 1995 and 2000 data. The model analyzes the changes by applying the concept of technical coefficient stability, testing changes on the coefficients, and exploring the basic IRIO model. The study found that there has been a significant decrease of relative relationship between sectors and regions in Indonesian economy albeit of seemingly insignificant. Further, the analysis in intro and inter regions showed that an increase in intra regions relationship has not been significant meanwhile the decrease of inter regions relationship has been significant. The studies also revealed that industry was a high potential sector in national development priorities not only because of its high multiplier but also its role in strengthening and increasing the interactions of intra/inter sectors and intra/inter regions. "