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"This article reveals the dialectic relationship between Teater Mamanda and the living conditions of Banjarese community. When we watch Mamanda, we watch the life and culture of the Banjarese. Without any knowledge of Banjarese society and culture we cannot possibly understand the content of a Mamanda performance as a miniature version of Banjarese society and culture. Three areas where Mamanda is performed have been studied using Paul Ricoeur?s textual theory. There are two kinds of texts, the Mamanda performance (considered as text, that is, social events fixated in the form of a performance), and the narration of the performance itself which is considered a text as well."

"Panakawan is indeed a unique type of characters in Javanese shadow play (wayang). They are figures of the wayang theatre, the appearance of whom are usually accompanied by the laughter of the audience due to their physical uglines, their characters and their behaviours. this essay will put forth, firstly, how the panakawan have been ridiculing the nature of human being, including their own selves. Secondly, that of even the brahmanas and ksatrias, due to their being "the sons of God"."