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"The purpose of the study was to compare the nutritional status of children receiving supplementary food from the high and low performing health centers in East Sumba District, Indonesia.

Assessment of all 15 health centers was the first stage to determine the performance level using input output process approach, and 568 selected households from two performance categories was the second stage to investigate nutritional status. A Scoring system was used to determine the performance level, and anthropometry was used to assess nutritional status. SPSS 10.0 and Epilnfo 6.04b were used for data analyses. The study was conducted from February to March 2001.

All input-process-output and personnel capability variables between the two performance levels were significantly different. The supplementary feeding package fulfilled optimally the standard requirement, but the method and frequency of distribution did not The prevalence of malnutrition was significantly different between the two performance levels.

Lack of transportation and small number of personnel might have influenced the improper nutrition service management."

"ABSTRAKThe present study investigated the relationship of nutritional status and work productivity of Indonesian female industrial workers who engaged in light activity. Anthropometrics, hemoglobin (Hb), work productivity, physical activity and several socioeconomic data were collected from 230 female cigarette industrial workers. Nutritional assessment of studied population showed that the average body mass index of studied population was 19.55 ± 2.33 kg/mz, which 41.3% of the workers were under nutrition which indicated by BMI below 18.5 kg/m2 and 40.4% were anemic while 13.9% of them were under nutrition and anemic. BMI showed a significant quadratic regression with work productivity (p<0.05). A classification for chronic energy deficiency (CED) using BMI of 18.5 as a cutoff point was related to the functional parameter of work productivity. Workers whose BMI below 18.5 kg/m2 had work productivity about four percent lower than those whose BMI above 18.5. Female workers whose BMI ranged of 18.5 --22.5 kg/re had the highest work productivity among others. Analysis of variance showed that anemic workers had significantly lower work productivity than the non-anemic workers (p<0.01). The anemic workers produced about five percent less output than the non-anemic workers. There was a linear regression between work productivity and hemoglobin level. Multiple regression analysis showed that increases in Hb levels, lean body mass and experience were significantly associated with increased work productivity (p<0.01). This study concluded that Hb, BMI and LBM were significantly related with work productivity. The better nourished workers as determined by BMI, LBM, and Hb levels were more productive than under-nourished workers also the more experienced workers had higher work productivity than the less-experienced workers."

"ABSTRACTMost poverty prevalence in developing countries is found among people living in rural areas, which depend on agricultural activities as their main source of livelihood (Suryana, 1992, Kuhonta, 1986). This study assessed the overall condition of the rural community in Pasaman (Jambak and Sarik village) and Sawahlunto/Sijunjung (SP I and SP IV village) district regarding to the poverty and nutritional situation by using an adapted Rapid Rural assessment method which was called RAPID: Rapid Nutritional Assessment for Community Based Poverty Alleviation Projects in Developing Countries, developed by GTZ. The method consists of interviewing key persons, focus group discussion, observation and height measurement of school children (6-9 years old). Other method to diagnose and analyze the nutritional situation of risk group is a nutritional survey. Interview and anthropometrics measurement of fewer than five children and the mother were done in this method. A poor state of nutrition and health also leads to lower productivity and reduces the availability of food at the household level, which now forms a vicious cycle. The availability of food can describe the food security status of the household. This study also attempted to look into the main problems of food security on rural community by using food security questionnaire developed by SEARCA (South East Asian Regional Center for Agriculture). The result of interviewing the mothers by this method revealed that current food security status in Jambak and Sarik was better than SP I and SP IV while SP IV was worse than SP I. The similar result was found by other two methods. RAPID method described the overall condition of the study area in a short time. This method also collected preliminary information on the nature and importance of poverty and nutritional problem, and supply of the resources of the study area. However this method insufficient to describe the relationship between nutritional problem and its determinant factor. Baseline survey gave the extent of the nutritional problem in the area, nevertheless this method needed some resources; fund, personnel, equipments and time. Food security method assessed the extent of food security problems in the area, however in this study, it was proved that the questionnaire was not fully applicable, therefore further analyses based on SEARCA method could not be completely applied."

"Gnetum gnemon LINN., also called tulip tree, is found throughout the islands of the Indonesian archipelago. Locally, this tree is known as melinjo tree, and its young stems and leaves, young and ripe fruits are used in a traditional dish. The seeds of the ripe fruits are eaten after roasting. The seeds may also be processed in household-food industries into flattened and dried flakes called "owing melinjo". Prior to consumption, emping melinjo is usually fried in coconut fat which renders it crispy with a specific bitter taste. Emping melinjo is also exported to Middle East countries and the Netherlands (Departemen Perindustrian, 1988).The nutritional value of emping melinjo has not yet been studied in detail. A feeding trial using rats fed emping melinjo as the sole source of protein showed a low protein efficiency ratio when compared with skim milk (Oey, 1979). Budiarso and Sihombing (1989) reported that livers of rats fed diets containing melinjo seeds as major ingredient had perilobular necrosis. These studies suggest that emping melinjo has low nutritional value and may even contain toxic substances. However, the diets used consisted of emping melinjo as sole source of protein supplemented with vitamin and mineral mixtures. This is very different from the situation in Indonesians who consume emping melinjo as a snack, side dish or as a component of the rice menu. Thus, a study was performed with rats fed nutritionally adequate diets with varying levels of emping melinjo, either in dried/unfried or dried/fried form. The nutritional value of emping melinjo was assessed on the basis of growth performance, histology of selected organs, selected blood measures, nitrogen digestibility, and mineral absorption.In the first experiment, purified diets were used containing either 0, 10, 20 or 40 % (w/w) of dried/unfried emping melinjo. The control diet (without emping melinjo) contained casein as sole source of protein and was formulated according to the recommendations of the National Research Council: it contained 5 % of fat. The four experimental diets were balanced for nitrogen, fat, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. There were 8 male rats per dietary group; the experimental period lasted 14 days. The rats had free access to food and demineralized water.Feed intake and weight gain were not significantly affected by emping melinjo in the diet. Cecum weight, including contents, was raised markedly after feeding emping melinjo. Feces production rose after consumption of emping in a dose-dependent fashion, but dry matter content fell. Histological examination showed that liver and jejunum were unaffected by the feeding of emping, but nephrocalcinosis was induced.The amount of emping melinjo in the diet did not affect hematocrit values and blood hemoglobin concentrations. Plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were significantly lowered by emping melinjo in a dose-dependent fashion. Apparent nitrogen digestibility was gradually decreased with increasing emping melinjo concentrations in the diet. The highest dietary concentration of emping used, i.e. 40 %, significantly reduced the apparent absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus.As a component of the human diet, melinjo is not consumed in its dry form but after frying in coconut fat. It could be suggested that dried/fried melinjo does not negatively affect mineral and nitrogen absorption because eiher possible anti-nutritional factors are denaturated by frying or the nutrients in emping become more accessible to digestive processes. The second experiment was carried out to test this suggestion. In addition, the solubility of minerals in the ileal lumen was determined to obtain clues as to the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effectof emping on mineral absorption. Soluble minerals in the ileal lumen are considered to be available for absorption as opposed to insoluble minerals.There were three experimental diets: a control diet, a diet containing 40 % dried/unfried emping and a diet containing 40 % dried/fried emping ( corrected for the fat taken up while frying). The high-fat diets (15 % fat) were carefully balanced for nitrogen, fat, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. There were 12 male rats per dietary group, which had free access to food and demineralized water; the experimental period lasted 14 days.Feed intake did not differ significantly between the three experimental groups, but weight gain was some what depressed by both dried/unfried and dried/fried emping. The two emping preparations raised cecum weight and feces production, while the dry matter content of feces dropped.As was observed in experiment 1, the feeding of dried/unfried emping at a level of 40 % of the diet significantly reduced the apparent absorption of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Frying of emping caused disappearance of the inhibitory effect on calcium and magnesium absorption whereas nitrogen and phosphorus absorption were still reduced, albeit to a lower extent.Dried/unfried and dried/fried emping in the diet raised both the amount of solid and liquid phase in the ileum. The concentrations of soluble calcium and magnesium were decreased by dried/unfried as well as dried/fried emping. The concentration of phosphorus in the liquid phase of the ileal lumen was lowered by dried/unfried but not by dried/fried emping.The addition of dried/unfried emping melinjo to the diet of rats at the expense of isonitrogenous amounts of nitrogen caused a lowering of the absorption of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. This effect is either completely or partly abolished by frying of the emping melinjo Frying of dried/emping did not increase the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the liquid phase of the ileum so that its stimulatory effect on calcium and magnesium absorption remains obscure. Frying of emping did raise the ileal solubility of phosphorus. Frying of emping did raise the ileal solubility of phosphorus.The still some what reduced absorption of phosphorus as seen after the feeding of fried emping is probably the result of unavailable phosphorus as phytate in the emping. The reduced absorption of nitrogen in rats fed either dried/fried or fried emping could relate to the presence of poorly digestible material in the intestine as evidenced by the increased weight of solid phase in the ileal lumen. This undigestible material probably represents polysaccharides which raise microbial activity in the cecum leading to the formation of fatty acids and thereby elevating the water content of feces. The undigestible polysaccharides in emping melinjo, if and when present, could also be responsible for its cholesterol lowering activity."

" In the Philippines and in many other countries, not so many studies have been conducted with prisoners specifically on their protein and nutritional status. Thus, this study was conducted among adult male inmates in San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm, Zamboanga City, Philippines in January 2001 with the objective to determine the association between protein and energy intakes and nutritional status, among adult male inmates. The study was cross sectional and included 105 randomly selected adult male inmates. Data were collected using interview, anthropometries and biochemical assessments procedures. Results of the study evidently showed: the present protein and energy intakes and nutritional status of the inmates were good and it was reflected in the biochemical assessment. The diet of the inmates was sufficient with regard to total protein, calcium, iron vitamin A and riboflavin and very deficient in total energy, ascorbic acid, niacin and thiamin. With the exception of bananas no fruit has been served during the survey. Animal protein constitutes very low and most of their dietary protein source was derived from plant specifically green mug bean which was easily recognized by the inmates during the survey. In spite of good protein index based on biochemical assessment, the data findings also suggested that protein intake could still be improved by increasing the protein quality. Health and nutrition education should be focused and given attention as well. In conclusion, protein and nutritional status among adult male inmates in San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm were adequate based on anthropometric and biochemical assessment. "

"The study was carried out among 40 low-income households in East Jakarta. It generally aimed at examining the contribution of intra-household food distribution practices to the differences in nutritional status of individual members within and between urban poor households with underfive year old children. Two groups represented the study households. One group with malnourished (<-2 Z-scores for weight for age indicator) 18-60 months old children and the other group with well-nourished (>:-2 Z-scores) of the same age. A three day household and individual food intake were collected through the use of a combined food weighing and 24-hour food recall method. Results revealed that.malnourished underfive year old children were given less adequate diets in terms of nutrient requirement while parents? diet were sufficiently adequate. In contrast, the well-nourished children were adequately fed while their parents got less. The children's intake were found to have a marginal relationship with their nutritional status while significant associations were seen with parent's energy intake and household's total income. On the whole, findings indicated inequality in the food distribution patterns among urban poor households and these patterns somehow influences the nutritional status of household members particularly the pre-school age children"

"ABSTRACTSince July 1997. there was a monetary crisis in Indonesia. This condition influences health and nutritional status of the communitv. There was a decrease of purchasing power. due to lack job opportunities. This condition lead to decreasing in quality and quantity of food intake of children under-five in the community.Four cross-sectional surveys were carried out in East Jakarta in September 1993, April 1998, December 1998, and March 1999. There were totally 1859 under five children and 1622 household assessed within the four surveys. Multi stage random sampling was used in the first survey (September 1993) by Susilowati Regardless there were under fives or not the study covered all subdristricts select households having children under the age 60 months from 16 village units of 10 sub-districts. And the next three surveys used the same study area as the first study data on socio-economic, food consumption. environmental situation and nutrition status were collected using pre-coded questionaire and anthropometric measurements. The percentage of fathers without occupation increased in 1999 (7 .3 ~o) as compare to 1993 (2%). The anthropometric status of under-five children in September 1993. April 1998, December 1998 and March 1999 show the prevalence of stunting are as following 22.7%, 16.1%, 25 .4% and 22% (p value < 0.05, Chi Square). While the prevalence of wasting are as following 15%, 17.90/o, 11 .5% and 14.1 % (p value < 0.05, Chi Square). There were no significant difference in nutritional status between boys and girls within the four surveys. During the monetary crisis there were significant difference in prevalence of underweight (April'98 survey) in children from lower strata/percentile of per capitafood expenditure and upper level of strata percentile of per capita food expenditure (p < 0.05, Chi Square). Anthropometric indicators were calculated using growth reference data of the National Center for health Statistics ( 1977 )The prevalence of stunting and wasting were also significantly higher inthcgroup receiving food aid compared to those without food aid. There is no significant difference in prevalence of malnourished mother by using cut-off point BMJ< 18.5. The prevalence of malnourished mother found in September 1993 was 14.7%. in April 1998 was 13.1%': in December 1998 was 16.2%, and in March 1999 was 13%. The same situation also describe ·n BM1>25 which has no changes from 1993 to 1999. The prevalence of overweight (BMI > 25) mother found in September 1993 was 24.2%, April 1998 was 21.3%, December 1998 19.1%, and March 1999 24.6%. It seems that the crisis has no impact on nutritional status of non pregnant mother.The crisis was associated with a clear negative shift in household foodconsumption. The intake of animal prolein sources significantly decreased (p value<0.05.chi-square). as a coping mechanism the plant protein as well as green leafy begetables consumption increased makedly)Based on strata/percentile of per capita food expenditure there were nodifference within the strata in all surveys in eggs consumption in the family but there were diference for poultry, meat, fish and milk (p< 0 05. Chi Square)There was assoaciation between children nutritional starus and frequency of food intake of animal protein, milk, fruit and cooking oil (p value < 0.05 anova). There were also assoctation between nutritional status of under live children with food expenditure number of household member, mother nutrional status (BMI and MUAC). Duration of breast-feeding snack consumption, total expenditure and food and program"