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"Penelitian ini memfokuskan diri pada upaya Rusia dalam menggunakan energinya tidak hanya untuk meningkatkan perekonomian tetapi juga untuk mendapatkan pengaruh politik yang kuat di wilayah (Eropa). Dalam hal ini Rusia menerapkan kebijakan politik energi dengan mengamankan energinya. Keamanan energi tersebut dapat dijabarkan dengan beberapa mekanisme kebijakan. Pertama, Rusia tetap berusaha untuk menjaga suplai energi yang cukup - menasionalisasi kembali beberapa perusahaan swasta dan ekspansi ke luar dan kerjasama dengan pihak asing. Kedua, Rusia harus menjamin pengiriman energinya dengan aman - kontrol atas jaringan atau jalur pipa. Faktor-faktor di atas tersebut yang menyebabkan terjadinya perselisihan antara Rusia dan Ukraina. Dalam kacamata ekonomi, bilamana Ukraina menyepakati harga gas baru yang ditawarkan Rusia, maka hal itu akan menyebabkan pundi-pundi keuangan Rusia semakin banyak. Adapun secara politik, Rusia sangat tidak menyukai kedekatan Ukraina terhadap NATO, apalagi ada upaya NATO untuk memasukkan Ukraina sebagai agenda perluasan anggotanya.

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This study focused on Russia's efforts in the use of energy not only to boost the economy but also to gain a strong political leverage in the region (European). In this case, Russia's energy policy adopted by securing its energy. Energy security can be translated with some policy mechanisms. First, Russia still seeks to maintain an adequate supply of energy (sufficient supplies) - re-nationalize some private companies and outward expansion and cooperation with foreign parties. Second, Russia should guarantee the safe delivery of energy (unhindered delivery) - or control over the pipeline network. Those factors above cause a dispute between Russia and Ukraine. Economic point of view, when Ukraine agreed on a new gas price offered by Russia, then it would lead to Russia's financial coffers more and more. As for politically, Russia is not like the closeness of Ukraine to NATO, let alone there were efforts of NATO to include Ukraine as an agenda for the expansion of its members."

"The worldwide energy consumption has been growing steadily. By the year 2050, world-wide energy demand is projected by the World Energy Council to be at least double its present level. In recent years, the global energy supply has grown too, but the demand for energy has been growing faster than supply. Regarding to the importance of energy and the strategic position as a major energy producer, the government of Russia takes a dominant state-controlled to the production and the distribution's network of energy. The energy activities are also used by Russian government as a part of its foreign policy. The dependencies of other CIS countries and EU on Russian energy have some effects to the relations among those countries. And the Russia's energy policy has been linked to Russia's efforts to regain its position as a strong international power."

"Tesis ini meneliti pemasaran politik partai politik baru di era sistem multi partai pada pemilu 2004. Studi kasus dilakukan terhadap Partai Demokrat yang merupakan partai politik baru yang berhasil masuk 5 besar diantara 24 partai politik peserta pemilu 2004. Banyak temuan dalam penelitian ini yang bisa dijadikan acuan untuk peneliti dengan minat yang sama dan praktisi politik, diantaranya Partai Demokrat juga menggunakan komponen-komponen pemasaran politik seperti iklan politik dan PR politik dalam memasarkan partai. Bahkan popularitas Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono sebagai ligur partai juga mcningkat karcna strategi pemasaran politik. Namun demikian pemasaran politik yang dilakukan Partai Demokrat tidak terencana tapi dilakukan secara improvisasi.

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This thesis investigates thc political marketing of the new political parties in the era of multi-patty system in the general election of 2004. A case study was conducted upon the Democrat Pany (Partai Demokrat), as a new political party that made it to the top tivc among 2/l participating political parties inthe general election of 2004. Some researchers ofthe same interest as well as political practitioners referred to a number ofapproachcs described in the investigation. Democrat Party had also utilized the components of political marketing, like political advertising and political public relations in order to promote itself. The popularity of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as thc party ligure had even risen due to the strategy of the political marketing. However, the political marketing that the Democrat Party had performed was undcsigned. lt was done by improvisation."

"During his administration of the Soviet Union (1986-1991) Gorbachov introduced three new concepts namely IIepecTpoNKa /perestrojka/ 'restructurisation' I'IIacTHocTb /glasnost'/ 'openess', and IIMoKpTIIa Idemokratiyal 'democracy'. These concepts have brought enormous changes in so many aspects of societal life that the Soviet Union fell to pieces and the communist hegemony over the Soviet Union came an end. In line with the concept of perestroika, changes occurred in many fields and in particular, economics. The known command economy which was the communist system, made place for the market economy. This new economic system brought a wide variety of commodities to the market, not only those produced in Russia but also imported ones. As in other countries where the market economy is practiced, advertisements to promote commodities or products have become a must. The Russian daily newspapers have become an important media for disseminating information on the marketed goods or commodities. This phenomenon had been a taboo for about 70 years during the communist era.Advertisements are known to introduce and to promote new goods or commodities, be it material good or services, since they are a means of information used to support and develop the market for products and services on a large scale (Germocenova 1994: 5). For this purpose a special language and signs are used to attract the consumers.This dissertation deals with two specific problems namely, (1) the form and characteristics of the Russian advertising language during the period 1991-1996, and (2) the Russian advertising language reflects changes of socioeconomic characteristics compared with pre-communist times.This research contains discourse analysis using a semiotics approach, i.e. from the aspects of syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics. The advertisements analyzed for this thesis are taken from the printed Russian media in Moscow with the highest circulation and the most widely distributed in the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States i.e the former Soviet Union). Interviews were also carried out with Russians living in Moscow, in order to know their opinions about the presence of advertisements as a new social phenomenon. This thesis assumes that advertising reflects the undergoing changes in the Russian society.From the sixty advertisements analyzed for this dissertation, it can be concluded that advertisements are closely related to the cultural conditions of the society. Each year during the period 1991-1996, the form and character of the Russian advertising language developed unique characteristics. Advertising in Russia presents not only changes in the socioeconomic process, but also in the political, ideological, and cultural processes."

"Skripsi ini membahas politik bahasa yang diterapkan oleh pemerintah Federasi Rusia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis. Bukti-bukti yang terdapat di dalam skripsi ini menunjukkan bahwa pada saat ini, pemerintah Federasi Rusia melakukan pendekatan yang lain dari pemerintahan-pemerintahan sebelumnya, yaitu pemerintahan Kekaisaran dan Uni Soviet, dalam hal politik bahasa. Jika sebelumnya, bahasa-bahasa etnis minortas dibatasi perkembangannya, saat ini pemerintah Federasi Rusia memberikan kelonggaran bagi etnis-etnis minoritas untuk melestarikan dan mengembangkan bahasanya. Hal ini kemudian meruncing pada suatu kesimpulan bahwa pemerintah Federasi Rusia menggunakan politik bahasa sebagai strategi integrasi nasional model unity in diversity.

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This thesis explains about language politics which is applied by the government of the Russian Federation. This thesis uses descriptive-analytical method. The evidence in this thesis shows that currently, the government of the Russian Federation makes different approach on language politics from previous governances. If at the previous regime, the Tsarist and Union Soviet government, ethnic languages? development was restricted, now the government of the Russian Federation guarantees the preservation and development of ethnic minorities? languages. It is then concluded that the government of the Russian Federation uses language politics as national integration strategy of unity in diversity."