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"A research to know the fig wasps of the Universitas Indonesia (UI) and Kebun Raya Bogor (KRB) has been done from January 2010 until December 2010. This research was aimed to record the pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps of UI and KRB, to later compare the result with reports from previous researches. This research would also confirm whether symbiotic breakdown occurs in the research areas. A total of 56 fig trees and shrubs (from 9 species of fig) in UI and 34 fig trees and shrubs (from 34 species of fig) were chosen to be sampled. From those trees and shrubs, 10 sycone were taken. The wasps were then reared inside the sycone to later be preserved using the method of Noyes (1982). After identification, 7 wasp species were found. Ceratosolen marchali Mayr, Ceratosolen fusciceps Mayr, Liporrhopalum tentacularis Grandi, Philotrypesis pilosa Mayr, Boučeka percaudata Bouček, Apocrytophagus testaceus Mayr, and Apocrypta bakeri Joseph were found. From those wasps, 3 species are pollinators and the rest are non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFW). The wasps were found from Ficus hispida var. hispida, Ficus hispida var. badiostrigosa, Ficus septica, Ficus montana and Ficus glomerata. Some differences between the specimens of this research with the descriptions from other research were explained. Using Krukal- Wallis analysis, this research discovered that the head width (HW) and front femur length (FFL) of Ceratosolen marchali that were found in Ficus glomerata were smaller than the ones found in other fig species (p HW same = 0.0002; p FFL same = 0.0002), while the ovipositor length (OvL) were the same (p OvL same = 1). Though still statistically smaller, the HW and FFL value of the Ceratosolen marchali found in Ficus glomerata were closer to that of Ceratosolen fusciceps. The result of the research also shows that the one-to-one symbiosis between Ceratosolen marchali and its host (Ficus hispida) has been broken. In this research, Ceratosolen marchali were found pollinating Ficus hispida var. hispida, Ficus hispida var. badiostrigosa, Ficus septica, and even Ficus glomerata. For Ficus montana and Ficus glomerata, it seems that their symbiosis with their pollinators were still maintained."

"Telah dilakukan studi habitat konservasi ex-situ berupa penangkaran rusa timor di Universitas Indonesia (UI). Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk meneliti habitat rusa timor di UI berupa aspek fisik dan biologi rusa berdasarkan PP. No 7 Tahun 1999 dan PP No. 8 Tahun 1999. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode observasi, kuesioner dan membandingkannya dengan kawasan penangkaran Ranca Upas, Ciwidey. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah kondisi kawasan penangkaran rusa timor di UI belum memenuhi standar kawasan penangkaran. Jumlah populasi seharusnya 1 ha hanya untuk 10 ekor saat ini hidup 36 ekor. Rasio jantan : betina 1:4 di UI terdapat 11:16. Standar kesehatan kawasan belum memadai, tidak aman, tidak nyaman, serta tidak ada tenaga ahli dalam administrasi dan kesehatan. Universitas Indonesia harus memperbaiki fisik habitat dan sistem administrasi pengelolaan dan perlu menunjuk ahli pada bidang konservasi dan kesehatan. Pelaksanaan konservasi ex-situ berupa penangkaran harus memperhatikan ekosistem berupa daya dukung lingkungan, kontrol populasi, asupan makanan, naungan dan tempat kawin.

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Habitat study has been conducted at ex-situ conservation (captive breeding) of timor deer (Cervus timorensis) in Campus Universitas Indonesia (UI). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether timor deer habitat in UI based on physical and biological aspects of standardized deer habitat in captive breeding according to government rules PP. No 7 /1999 and PP No. 8 /1999. The methods used are habitat observation, and questionnaire, then the result is compared to the other timor deer captive breeding area, Ranca Upas, Ciwidey. Based on observations of deer habitat in UI, the physical conditions and maintenance are not qualified as a captive breeding area. The home range area for 1 ha is only for 10 heads, but at UI there are 36 heads; the sex ratio male:female 1:4 but in the UI field 11:16. The UI field is unsafe and uncomfortable, and the animal health standard is low and it has no expert hired for administrative and medical care. Universitas Indonesia should improve the habitat, need experts for administrative work such as labeling, certification, and listing on the book of pedigree (studbook) and tagging, and for genetic diversity preservation. The implementation of the ex-situ conservation must consider the ecosystem, carrying capacity, population control, food supply, shelter, and breeding."

"Biomaterial pada rekayasa jaringan tulang harus memenuhi karakteristik yaitu biokompatibilitas, efektivitas, dan non-toksisitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik komposit hidroksiapatit dan fibroin sutra dengan dan tanpa gelatin yang disiapkan dengan ex-situ berbantukan iradiasi gelombang mikro. Pengujian karakterisasi yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infared, dan Scanning Electron Microscopy. Pengujian mekanik yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah micro-Vickers. Hasil XRD menyatakan ukuran kristalin pada sampel HA80/SF20/Gel5% bernilai 166 Å sedangkan pada sampel HA70/SF30/Gel5% bernilai 134 Å. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pelebaran puncak dipengaruhi oleh ukuran kristalin. Karakteristik FTIR untuk gugus fungsi pada sampel HA70/SF30/Gel5% lebih lemah dibandingkan dengan HA70/SF30, artinya kandungan H2O HA70/SF30/Gel5% lebih rendah daripada HA70/SF30. Selanjutnya hasil analisis morfologi permukaan didapatkan partikel aglomerat dengan pori-pori yang saling berhubungan serta penambahan gelatin dapat menyebabkan aglomerasi partikel berbentuk serpihan. Pada hasil uji micro-Vickers menunjukkan dugaan sementara bahwa gelatin dalam komposit HA/SF/Gel mengakibatkan nilai kekerasan semakin tinggi, yaitu pada HA70/SF30/Gel5% dengan nilai 0,049 Hv.

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Biomaterials in bone tissue engineering must meet the characteristics, namely biocompatibility, effectiveness, and non-toxicity. This research aims to study the characteristics of hydroxyapatite and silk fibroin composites with and without gelatin prepared by ex-situ assisted by microwave irradiation. The characterization tests carried out in this research were X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared, dan Scanning Electron Microscopy. The mechanical tests carried out in this research were micro-Vickers. The XRD results show that the crystalline size in the HA80/SF20/Gel5% sample is 166 Å, while in the HA70/SF30/Gel5% sample it is 134 Å. This shows that peak broadening is influenced by crystalline size. The FTIR characteristics for functional groups in the HA70/SF30/Gel5% sample are weaker than those of HA70/SF30, meaning that the H2O HA70/SF30/Gel5% lower than HA70/SF30. Furthermore, the results of surface morphology analysis showed agglomerate particles with interconnected pores and the addition of gelatin could cause agglomeration of flake-shaped particles. On test results micro-Vickers shows a temporary assumption that gelatin in the HA/SF/Gel composite results in a higher hardness value, namely at HA70/SF30/Gel5% with a value of 0,049 Hv."

"Biokomposit kalsium fosfat merupakan kandidat material untuk rekayasa jaringan tulang karena bersifat osteokonduktif dan biokompatibel. Sintesis dengan metode presipitasi basah telah banyak dilakukan untuk memperoleh komposit kalsium fosfat-kolagen. Akan tetapi, metode presipitasi basah membutuhkan waktu reaksi yang lama untuk memperoleh biokomposit. Berbagai metode dilakukan untuk membantu proses presipitasi kalsium fosfat diantaranya dengan bantuan iradiasi microwave. Iradiasi microwave telah dilaporkan dapat mempercepat proses presipitasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh daya dan waktu iradiasi microwave serta pengaruh perbedaan konsentrasi karbonat terhadap proses pertumbuhan kristal kalsium fosfat karbonat pada kolagen. Kalsium fosfat karbonat berhasil ditumbuhkan pada kolagen dengan metode presipitasi berbantukan iradiasi microwave. Kolagen berbentuk lembaran direndam ke dalam suspensi kalsium fosfat karbonat yang telah dipreparasi dengan menggunakan Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, (NH4)2HPO4, and NaHCO3 sebagai prekursor. Variasi konsentrasi NaHCO3 yaitu 0,015 M, 0,06 M, dan 0,24 M. Selanjutnya, sampel diiradiasi dengan microwave pada daya 180 Watt, 270 Watt, and 360 Watt selama 2 menit, 8 menit , dan 16 menit. Sebagai kontrol, presipitasi kalsium fosfat karbonat pada kolagen dilakukan tanpa iradiasi microwave dengan menginkubasi sampel selama 24 jam pada suhu 36oC. Hasil XRD menunjukan fasa amorf yang berasal dari kolagen dan fasa kristalin kalsium fosfat karbonat. Fasa mineral kalsium fosfat yang teramati adalah fasa dikalsium fosfat dan apatit karbonat. Spektrum FTIR menunjukan puncak gugus fungsi kolagen teramati dengan jelas mengalami overlapping dengan spektrum FTIR gugus fungsi ion fosfat dan ion karbonat. Gugus fungsi kolagen muncul pada bilangan gelombang 3320-1230 cm-1. Kehadiran apatit karbonat pada sampel ditandai dengan pita bilang gelombang ion fosfat yang muncul di sekitar 1039 cm-1, 563 cm-1, dan 526 cm-1 dan ion karbonat di sekitar 826 cm -1. Puncak pada 875-878 cm -1 mengindikasikan pembentukan ion hidrogen fosfat yang merupakan gugus fungsi dikalsium fosfat. Pada mikrograf SEM, kalsium fosfat karbonat teramati menempel dan terdeposit pada kolagen. Nilai Ca/P 1,30-1,49 menunjukan fasa apatit karbonat sedangkan nilai Ca/P pada rentang 0,84-1,17 menunjukan fasa dikalsium fosfat dihidrat.

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Calcium phosphate biocomposites are candidate material for bone tissue engineering due to their conductivity and biocompatibility. Calcium phosphate could be grown on collagen by precipitation method in long reaction time. Microwave irradiation is rapid method to assist precipitation by reducing reaction time. In order to study calcium phosphate carbonate crystal growth on collagen in different carbonate content and investigate the influence of microwave irradiation power and time on crystal growth process, the calcium phosphate carbonate-collagen has been synthesized by microwave assisted precipitation method. Collagen sheets were soaked in carbonated calcium phosphate suspension prepared by using Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, (NH4)2HPO4, and NaHCO3 as starting materials. The variations of carbonate content are 0.015 M, 0.06 M, and 0.24 M. Then, sample irradiated by microwave at 180 Watt, 270 Watt, and 360 Watt for 2 minutes, 8 minutes, and 16 minutes. As a control, calcium phosphate carbonate precipitation in collagen was carried out without microwave irradiation by incubating the sample for 24 hours at 36oC. XRD results showed an amorphous phase derived from collagen and the calcium phosphate carbonate crystalline phase. The observed calcium phosphate mineral phase are dicalcium phosphate and apatite carbonate. FTIR spectra show the peaks of the collagen functional group overlapping with the peaks of phosphate groups and carbonate groups. FTIR spectra show the range of wavenumber (3320-1230 cm-1) indicating the presence of collagen. Phosphate bands appear in typical peaks at 1039 cm-1, 563 cm-1, and 526 cm-1 while peaks at 875-878 cm -1 indicate formation of hydrogen phosphate ions. Carbonate peak appears at 826 cm -1. Scanning electron micrograph showed the presence of collagen with pore and the calcium phosphate carbonate could attach and be deposited onto collagen. The value of Ca / P in the range of 1.30-1.49 indicates the apatite carbonate phase while the value of Ca / P in the range 0.84-1.17 shows the phase of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate."

"Dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan fabrikasi suatu kamar reaksi baru yang akan ditempatkan pada alat difraksi sinar X (XRD). Penelitian dilanjutkan dengan investigasiex situ dari serbuk kalsium fosfat hasil sintesis kimiawi dengan variasi waktu kontak dengan ammonia selama 0, 3, 4, 5, 15, dan 36 jam yang secara khusus ditujukan untuk menginvestigasi proses mineralisasi kalsium fosfat. Selama transformasi kalsium fosfat menjadi hidroksiapatit, telah terdeteksi adanya pembentukan fase-fase perantara, yaitu brushite dan monetite, melalui karakterisasi XRD. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa meningkatnya waktu kontak ammonia dari 4 hingga 36 jam mampu meningkatkan ukuran kristalit mineral dari 9.3 menjadi 16.1 nm. Hasil-hasil penelitian ini dapat dijadikan acuan untuk investigasi lebih lanjut mengenai mineralisasi kalsium fosfat, khususnya melalui investigasi in situ via XRD.

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In the current research, fabrication of newly-designed reaction chamber for X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) has been conducted, followed by ex situ investigation of chemically synthesized CaPwith various time of 0, 3, 4, 5, 15, and 36 hours in contact with ammonia. This route was specifically aimed at investigating the mineralization of CaP. During the transformation of CaP toHydroxy Apatite(HA), formation of intermediate phases, i.e. brushite (DCPD) and monetite (DCPD) is well detected by XRD characterization. Increasing of contact time with alkali atmosphere from 4 to 36 hours has increased the crystallite size of CaP minerals from 9.3 to 16.1 nm. Those results can be a baseline for further investigation of CaP mineralization, especially in situ XRD investigation."

"ABSTRAKSedimen Oxygen Demand (SOD) merupakan salah satu indikasi pencemaran pada Sungai Ciliwung yang dipengaruhi oleh reaksi biokimia pada sedimen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi SOD pada Sungai Ciliwung dan faktor yang mempengaruhi nilai SOD pada Sungai Ciliwung termasuk parameter kualitas air, yakni DO, BOD dan TSS. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode ex-situ dengan mengambil 3 titik Sungai Ciliwung, yakni hulu (Cilebut), tengah (Depok), dan hilir (Cikini) yang dilakukan dengan metode grab sampling pada 16 April 2014. Nilai SOD pada Sungai Ciliwung dalam rentang 0,034 – 0,207 mg O2/m2/hari, yang meningkat dari hulu menuju hilir. Peningkatan SOD diikuti dengan peningkatan BOD5 sekitar 60% dan TSS sekitar 65%, serta penurunan nilai DO antara 20-90% pada badan air. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa perlu dilakukan suatu manajemen kualitas sungai untuk mengurangi nilai SOD yang ada.

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ABSTRACTSediment Oxygen Demand (SOD) is one of the indicators of contamination on the Ciliwung River influenced by biochemical reactions in sediments. This research aims to invistigate the concentration of SOD on the Ciliwung River and factors which affect the value of SOD on the Ciliwung River, which is water quality parameters, such as DO, BOD and TSS. Research will be carried out using methods of ex-situ by taking 3 points the Ciliwung River, upstream (Cilebut), downstream (Cikini), and middlestream (Depok). Sampling is done with a method grab sampling taken on April 16, 2014. Value of SOD on the Ciliwung River range in 0,034 mg O2/m2/day - 0,207 mg O2/m2/day, an increase from upstream to downstream. SOD increased is followed with an increase of approximately 60% of BOD5 and TSS around 65%, as well as a decrease in the value of the DO between 20-90% on a body of water. This shows that quality management should be performed in this river to reduce SOD value."

"Hidroksiapatit adalah material yang banyak digunakan untuk aplikasi implan tulang, karena mempunyai komposisi kimia yang sama dengan tulang manusia. Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP) adalah campuran dari non-resorbable Hidroksiapatit (HA) dan resorbable β-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP). Doping ion magnesium ke dalam HA/β-TCP akan membawa perbaikan pada reaksi biologis. Pada penelitian ini sintesis Mg-HA diiradisi dengan gelombang mikro menggunakan daya 720 watt selama 10 menit, dengan variasi substitusi Mg(OH)2 0.1M, 0.2M, dan 0.3M. Serbuk Mg-HA yang terbentuk disinter pada suhu 1300˚ C selama 3 jam untuk membentuk fasa biphasik Mg-HA/β-tricalcium phosphate kemudia dikarakterisasi dengan XRD. Sintesis nano-komposit Mg-HA/Alginat dilakukan dengan mencampurkan serbuk hasil sintering dengan alginat dan CaCl2 sebagai agen taut silang (cross linker agent). Larutan campuran diaduk menggunakan magnetic stirrer selama 3 jam kemudian dibiarkan selama 24 jam agar pencampuran sempurna. Metode karakterisasi komposit Mg-HA/β-TCP/Alginat menggunakan FTIR dan SEM-EDX. Hasil XRD menunjukan subtitusi Mg mereduksi ukuran kristal, parameter kisi dan indeks kristalinitas. Perlakuan thermal hingga suhu 1300 ˚ C pada HA membentuk dua fasa yaitu HA dan β-TCP. SEM-EDX menunjukan bahwa partikel yang terdapat pada komposit Mg-HA/β-TCP/Alginat berukuran tidak sama mempengaruhi grain growth.

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Hydroxyapatite is a material that is widely used for bone implant applications because it has the same chemical composition as human bone. Biphasic Tricalcium Phosphate (BCP) is a mixture of non-resorbable hydroxyapatite (HA) and resorbable β-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP). Doping of magnesium ion into HA/β-TCP will bring about improvement in biological reactions. In this study, the synthesis of Mg-HA was irradiated with microwaves using 720 watts of power for 10 minutes, with variations of 0.1M, 0.2M, and 0.3M Mg (OH)2 substitution. The Mg-HA powder formed was sintered at 1300˚C for 3 hours to form a biphasic phase of Mg-HA/β-tricalcium phosphate which was then characterized by XRD. The synthesis of Mg-HA/Alginate nano-composites was carried out by mixing the sintered powder with alginate and CaCl2 as a cross-linker agent. The mixed solution was stirred using a magnetic stirrer for 3 hours then left for 24 hours for complete mixing. The characterization method for Mg-HA / β-TCP / Alginate composites used FTIR and SEM-EDX. XRD results showed that Mg substitution reduced crystal size, lattice parameters, and crystallinity index. Thermal treatment up to a temperature of 1300 ˚ C on HA forms two phases, namely HA and β-TCP. SEM-EDX showed that the particles contained in the Mg-HA/β-TCP/Alginate composite had different sizes affecting grain growth."

"Panda raksasa murapakan hewan endemik asal Tiongkok yang paling mudah untuk dikenali. Sebab kelangkaan dan ciri khasnya, panda digunakan sebagai alat diplomasi dan simbolisme politik oleh Tiongkok. Akan tetapi, Diplomasi Panda modern sebagai diplomasi publik baru dimulai pada tahun 1950-an sebagai bagian dari kebijakan luar negeri Mao Zedong. Karena popularitasnya, Tiongkok mengubah bentuk Diplomasi Panda yang awalnya merupakan hadiah cuma-cuma untuk membangun hubungan internasional dengan kontrak sewa jangka pendek berbasis komersial. Sewa berbasis komersial kemudian berubah menjadi sewa jangka panjang berbasis konservasi setelah Tiongkok mengaksesi Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species. Skema sewa menyewa berbasis konservasi ini terbukti menjadi upaya bernilai untuk memulihkan populasi panda raksasa, terutama setelah tragedi gempa bumi tahun 2008 di Sichuan yang berdampak pada lebih dari separuh populasi panda di habitat aslinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum doktrinal melalui kajian doktrin hukum, peraturan, dan literatur lainnya. Melalui kajian tersebut, penelitian ini menemukan pentingnya Diplomasi Panda terhadap konservasi spesies panda raksasa dan menemukan bagaimana kerangka hukum dan diplomasi dapat mewujudkan hal tersebut. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan rekomendasi untuk memanfaatkan pinjaman berbasis konservasi satwa endemik langka sebagai upaya konservasi dan alat diplomasi publik di Indonesia.

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The giant panda is known to be the most recognizable endemic animal from China. Due to its rarity and distinctive features, pandas are known to have been used as a tool of diplomacy and political symbolism by China. However, the modern Panda Diplomacy as a public diplomacy only started in the 1950s as part of Mao Zedong's foreign policy. Due to its popularity, China changed the form of Panda Diplomacy which was originally a gratuitous gift to build international relation to commercial-based short-term loan contracts. The commercial-based loan later transformed into conservation-based long-term loan as China acceded the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species. The conservation-based loan has been proven to be a valuable attempt to recover the giant panda population, especially after the 2008 earthquake tragedy in Sichuan which affected more than half of the panda population in its natural habitats. This thesis uses a doctrinal legal research method through a study of legal doctrines, regulations, and literatures. Through the studies, this thesis found out the importance of the Panda Diplomacy toward the conservation of giant panda species and figured out how both of the legal framework and diplomacy could make it possible. Therefore, it aims to provide recommendations to utilize the conservation-based loan of endangered endemic animals as conservation efforts and public diplomacy tools in Indonesia."