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"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai karakterisasi morfologi ubi kayu (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) tinggi beta karoten. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman morfologi dan pola pita isozim peroksidase (PER), 6-fosfoglukonat dehidrogenase (6-PGD), sikimat dehidrogenase (SDH), dan enzim malat (ME) pada 5 genotipe ubi kayu Mentega 1, Mentega 2, Roti, Ubi Kuning, dan Adira 1. Hasil pengamatan morfologi dan analisis pola pita isozim diuraikan secara deskriptif dan disajikan dalam bentuk dendrogram. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam satu genotipe terdapat keragaman karakter morfologi tetapi tidak dalam pola pita isozim. Karakter pembeda antar genotipe adalah warna daun muda, warna daun tua, warna pertulangan daun bagian atas, warna petiolus, gigi pada daun, warna batang muda, warna batang tua, dan warna parenkim. Berdasarkan dendrogram pola pita enzim PER, genotipe Adira 1 dan Ubi Kuning berada dalam satu cluster.

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Research on morphological and isozyme characterization of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) with high beta-carotene has been done. The study aims to determine the diversity of morphological and isozyme banding pattern of peroxidase (PER), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), schicimate dehydrogenase (SDH), and malic enzyme (ME) from 5 cassava genotypes (Mentega 1, Mentega 2, Roti, Ubi Kuning, and Adira 1). The results of morphological observation and analysis of isozyme banding pattern was described descriptively and presented in the form of dendrogram.

The results showed that there is a diversity of morphological character in a single genotype but not in isozyme banding pattern. The distinguishing characters between the genotypes are colours of: young leaf, old leaf, basal part of leaf venation, petiolus, teethlets on mature leaf, young stem, old trunk, and parenchyma. Based on dendrogram of PER enzyme banding pattern, Adira 1 and Ubi Kuning are put in the same cluster"

"ABSTRAKUbi kayu (Manihot esculenta Crantz) merupakan bahan makanan penting di Indonesia setelah padi. dan jagung. Lebih kurang 60% dari produksi ubi kayu di Indonesia digunaan sebagai bahan makanan. 32% digunakan sebagai bahan industri dalam negeri, dan 8% diekspor dalam bentuk gaplek. Luas tanaman ubi kayu di Indonesia selama 5 tahun ter.akhir berkisar 1.4 juta hektar dan lebih kurang 1 juta hektar berada di Jawa. Ditinjau dart kalori yang dihasilkan per satuan luas tanah, ubi kayu menghasilkan kalori lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan padi dan jagung. Sedangkan apabila ditinjau dari kalori yang dihasilkan per satuan waktu jagung lebih tinggi hasil kalorinya dibandingkan padi dan ubi kayu. Tanaman ubi kayu umumnya ditanam dengan menggunakan bahan tanam yang berupa stek batang. Sedangkan perbanyakan biji, dilakukan hanya untuk kepentingan pemuliaan. Mengingat sangat mudahnya penanaman, peranan mutu stek seringkali diabaikan. hal ini akan mengakibatkan umbi yang diproduksi pertanaman sangat bervariasi.Hasil-hasil penelitian mutu stek tanaman ubi kayu dari beberapa negara masih beraneka ragam, bahkan ada yang bertolak belakang. Sedangkan informasi ilmiah yang menunjang data-data penelitian dari luar negeri tersebut masih kurang. Akibatnya, standard mutu stek yang baik bagi tanaman ubi kayu masih belum jelas. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut maka dilakukan penelitian mengenai pengaruh bahan tanam terhadap pola pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman ubi kayu. Penelitian dilakukan dengan melaksanakan empat percobaan lapang, empat percobaan pot dan dua percobaan laboratorium. Percobaan lapang dilaksanakan di kebun percobaan Cassava Research Project Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya di Bedali, Lawang. Terletak pada ketinggian 450m di atas permukaan laut, 18 km sebelah utara Malang. Mempunyai tipe iklim C3 berdasarkan perhitungan Oldeman (1975). Sedangkan percobaan pot dan laboratorium berturutturut dilakukan di Fakultas Pertanian dan Laboratorium Cassava Research Project Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, Malang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari hubungan antara bagian batang yang digunakan sebagai bahan tanam, yang meliputi ukuran, berat, kandungan pati dan nutrisi dengan pola pertumbuhan tanaman beserta produksi umbi tanaman ubi kayu.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bagian-bagian dari batang yang dipakai untuk stek sangat berpengaruh baik terhadap pertumbuhan maupun produksi umbi dibandingkan dengan umur tanaman pada saat batang yang akan digunakan stek diambil. Produksi umbi yang dihasilkan oleh stek yang berasal dari batang bagian bawah berada pada 6.4% dan 12.7% lebih besar dari pada stek yang berasal dart batang bagian tengah dan atas. Begitu pula dengan ukuran umbinya. Umbi yang dihasilkan oleh stek yang berasal dari batang bagian bawah berukuran 4.1% dan 11.9% lebih besar, dibanding dengan umbi yang dihasilkan oleh stek batang bagian tengah dan atas. Walaupun dalam penelitian secara statistik perbedaan umur tanaman sendiri tidak berpengaruh secara nyata terhadap produksi umbi (kg), tetapi hal yang panting untuk diperhatikan adalah bahwa perbedaan produksi umbi yang dihasilkan oleh stek yang berasal dari batang bagian bawah dan atas dari tanaman yang berumur muda (7 bulan), jauh lebih besar apabila dibandingkan dengan yang berasal dari tanaman tua (13 bulan). Sebagai gambaran perbedaan produksi umbi yang dihasilkan oleh stek yang berasal dart batang bagian bawah dan atas dari tanaman ubi kayu berumur 11 - 13 bulan berkisar 10% sedangkan dari tanaman yang berumur 7 - 9 bulanberkisar 15%. Perbedaan produksi umbi ini disebabkan pula oleh perbedaan berat total tanaman yang dihasilkan dan bukan karena adanya perbedaan distribusi dari bagian tanaman yang dihasilkan. Stek yang berasal dari batang bagian bawah menghasilkan nilai kurun luas daun (leaf area duration) yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan stek yang berasal dari batang bagian tengah dan atas.Pada awal pertumbuhan diperlihatkan bahwa pertumbuhan tunas dari stek batang bagian atas lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan yang berasal dart stek batang bagian bawah. Akan tetapi untuk pertumbuhan berikutnya terjadi keadaan sebaliknya. Laju pertumbuhan relatif dari bagian-bagian tanaman (akar, batang dan daun) lebih cepat untuk stek batang bagian bawah. Kandungan nutrisi stek bervariasi, tergantung dari bagian batang yang mana stek tersebut berasal. Stek yang berasal dari batang bagian bawah mengandung nutrisi dan pati lebih tinggi dibandingkan yang berasal dari bagian atas. Terdapat hubungan linier yang positif antara kandungan nitrogen dan kalium dengan produksi umbi. Tidak terdapat interaksi yang nyata antara panjang dan diameter stek terhadap produksi umbi. Tetapi baik panjang maupun diameter stek itu sendiri berpengaruh terhadap produksi umbi.Dari hasil penelitian ditunjukkan bahwa panjang optimum stek berkisar 25 cm. Pada pertumbuhan awal tanaman, stek dengan panjang 25 cm menghasilkan produksi umbi dan laju pertumbuhan umbi yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan stek yang lebih pendek maupun lebih panjang. Namun demikian, stek yang lebih panjang dart 25 cm me perlihatkan laju pertumbuhan tanaman bagian atas tanah yang lebih tinggi. Semakin besar atau semakin kecil diameter stek, mengakibatkan produksi semakin menurun. Stek berdiameter 2.25 - 2.50 cm menghasilkan produksi umbi yang tertinggi dibandingkan dengan stek yang berdiameter lebih kecil dari 2.25 cm dan lebih besar dari 2.50 cm. Walaupun panjang dan diameter stek berhubungan erat dengan berat stek tetapi dart hasil penelitian tidak terlihat hubungan secara nyata antara berat stek dan produksi umbi.Dari hasil penelitian ini dapatlah disimpulkan bahwa mutu stek tanaman ubi kayu yang baik adalah stek yang berasal dari batang bagian bawah, berukuran panjang sekitar 25 cm, dan berdiameter 2.25 - 2,50 cm. Sedangkan banyaknya stek bermutu balk yang dapat dihasilkan oleh satu tanaman sangat tergantung dart umur dan caritas tanaman ubi kayu itu sendiri. Diperkirakan panjang batang yang dapat digunakan sebagai stek bermutu baik berasal dari tanaman berumur 11 - 13 bulan, dengan panjang lebih kurang separuh bagian dari pangkal batang.

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ABSTRACT

As a food crop in Indonesia, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) plays an important role after rice and maize. About 60% of cassava production in Indonesia is consumed as staple food, 32% is used as industrial material for domestic use, and 8% is exported as dried cassava (?gaplek?). The area of cassava in Indonesia in the last 5 years has been about 1.4 million hectares, about 1 million hectares of which are in Java. On the basis of the calories produced per unit area of land, cassava gives a higher calorie yield than rice or maize. However, on the basis of calories produced per unit area per unit of time, maize produces a higher calorie yield than rice or cassava.

Because propagation is easy, the variation in quality of stem material for propagation has never been seriously investigated. Moreover, research which has been conducted overseas has given variable and sometimes conflicting results. Thus the position regarding quality or stem cuttings for propagation was not clear. Accordingly a research program was undertaken to study the influence of four field experiments, four pot experiments and two laboratory experiments were conducted. The field experiments were conducted in the experimental field of the Cassava Research Project, Faculty of Agriculture. Brawijaya University, at Bedali, Lawang. This is situated 450 m above sea level, 18 km north of Malang. Pot and laboratory experiments were done respectively at the Faculty of Agriculture Brawijaya University, and the Laboratory of the Cassava Research Project, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University.

The objectives of the experiments were to determine how growth pattern and final root yield are related to age, region of stem, size, length, diameter, weight, carbohydrate and nutrient contents of the propagation material.

Results of the experiments showed that the age of the plant from which cuttings were obtained affected dry matter production, and both root yield and total plant dry weight were significantly influenced by the position on the stem from which cuttings were obtained. Cuttings from the base of the stem gave a higher yield than cuttings from either the medial region (which yielded 6.4% less than basal) or the apical regions (12.7% lees). The difference in yield per hectares were brought about by differences in number and weight of storage roots, but the more important of these two components of yield was the size (weight) of the storage roots. The weight of roots produced from basal-region cuttings was 4.1% greater than from medial-region cuttings and 11.9% greater than from apical-region cuttings. Ave-rage growth rates of plants showed a similar pattern; growth rates from basal, medial and apical cuttings were respectively 24.2, 28.0 and 30.8 g/plant/week.

Although the age of stem did not have a significant effect on yield, the difference between the root yields from basal and apical cuttings was greater for young stem (7 and 9 months old) than for older stems (11 and 13 months old). With young stems, the apical cuttings gave plants which yielded 10% less than those from basal cuttings. With the older stems the difference was 15%. In the initial growth, sprouting of the apical cuttings was quicker than of the basal cuttings, but the subsequent growth of the basal cuttings was more rapid than of the apical cuttings. The relative growth rates of the plant organs (roots, new shoots and new plants) developed from basal cuttings were greater than from apical cuttings. The nutrient content of the cuttings (mg/cutting) varied with position on the parent stem. The oldest section (lowest section) of the stem had the highest nutrient and starch contents. Storage root yield was positively and linearly related to both nitrogen and potassium con-tents of the cuttings. Length and diameter of cutting individually influenced yield. However, there was no significant interaction between them. The optimum cutting length was about 25 cm. For root and storage-root growth, the optimum cutting lenght was 25 cm. This is possibly because cuttings of 25 cm gave plants with higher rates of root and storage-root growth during the initial growth phase than either shorter or longer cuttings. On the other hand, for shoot growth, the rate of growth was greater the longer the cutting. The optimum diameter of cutting was 2.25 - 2.50 cm; yields were lower from cuttings that had bigger or smaller diameters than this. Although cutting length and diameter were related to weight of cutting, there was no relation-ship found between weight of cutting and root yield.

From these results of the experiments it can be concluded that the quality of a cutting is best if it is taken from the basal region of the stem, is about 25 cm long, and has diameter of 2.25 - 2.50 cm. However, in general, any cutting from the lower half of the stem gives satisfactory results."

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Beta karoten memiliki kapasitas antioksidan. Malondialdehida (MDA), produk dari peroksidasi poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), merupakan penanda stres oksidatif. Keseimbangan oksidan dan antioksidan dalam ASI membantu mencegah terjadinya radikal bebas pada bayi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara asupan beta karoten dengan kadar beta karoten ASI dan mengetahui ada tidaknya hubungan antara asupan beta karoten dengan kadar MDA ASI. Delapan puluh ibu usia 20–40 tahun yang menyusui secara eksklusif dan memiliki bayi usia 1–6 bulan yang datang ke Puskesmas Kecamatan Cilincing dan Grogol Petamburan pada bulan Februari–April 2019 dan bersedia menandatangani lembar persetujuan penelitian menjadi subjek penelitian. ASInya di periksa di laboratorium. Korelasi positif lemah ditemukan antara indeks masa tubuh (IMT) dan kadar MDA ASI (r = 0,285, p = 0,010) serta asupan beta karoten dan kadar MDA ASI (r = - 0,469 dengan p <0,001). Korelasi negatif sedang ditemukan pada durasi menyusui dalam minggu dengan kadar MDA ASI, asupan beta karoten memilki korelasi positif lemah dengan kadar MDA ASI (r = 0,247, p = 0,027). Aktivitas fisik memiliki hubungan dengan kadar beta karoten ASI (p = 0,012). Dengan demikian, IMT, durasi menyusui, asupan beta karoten berpengaruh terhadap kadar MDA ASI.

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Beta carotene has antioxidant capacity. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) peroxidation product, is the marker of oxidative stress. The balance of oxidant and antioxidant in breastmilk helps prevent the free radical formation in babies. The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation of beta carotene intake with the breast milk (BM) beta carotene level and to determine the relationship between beta carotene intake with the MDA level in BM. Eighty 20–40 years old exclusively breastfeeding mothers who came to Cilincing and Grogol Petamburan Public Health Centre in February–April 2019 and had 1–6 months old babies were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The BM were assessed the laboratory. Weak positive correlation was found between body mass index (BMI) and BM MDA level (r = 0.285, p = 0.010) as well as beta carotene intake and BM MDA level (r = 0.247, p = 0.027). Medium negative correlation was found between breastfeeding duration in weeks with the BM MDA level (r = - 0.469, p <0.001). Physical activity has a relationship with BM beta carotene level (p = 0.012). Therefore, BMI, breastfeeding duration, beta carotene intake has a correlation with BM MDA level.

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"Ekstrak daun mengkudu Morinda citrifolia L mengandung beberapa senyawa metabolit sekunder, diantaranya biosurfaktan saponin yang dapat digunakan sebagai emulsifier dalam pembuatan mikroemulsi. Ekstraksi saponin dilakukan dengan teknik maserasi, identifikasi secara fitokimia dan karakterisasi dengan FTIR dan UV-Vis. B-karoten merupakan zat warna alami yang sering digunakan dalam minuman, namunsukar larut dalam air , rentan terhadap suhu dan cahaya. Mikroemulsi dapat meningkatkan solubilisasi dan stabilitas. Pembuatan mikroemulsi dilakukan dengan memvariasikan surfaktan: kosurfaktan Sm dan Sm terhadap minyak. Mikroemulsi yang didapatkan tipe M/A dengan ukuran droplet antara 10-100 nm. Karakterisasi mikroemulsi menggunakan mikroskop, particle size analyzer PSA , dan turbidimeter. Solubilisasi dan stabilisasi?-karoten diamati dengan UV-Vis dan FTIR. Hasil yang diperoleh terbentuk mikroemulsi minyak dalam airyang stabil dengan perbandingan surfaktan terhadap kosurfaktan Sm 8:2 dan perbandingan Sm terhadap minyak adalah 14:1. Solubilisasi B- Karoten dalam mikroemulsi di peroleh sebesar 2 mg/mL dan mikroemulsi dapat meningkatkan stabilisasi terhadap suhu dan cahaya.

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Leaf extract of Morindacitrofilia L. contains several types of secondary metabolites one of them is biosurfactantsaponin which can be used as an emulsifier in microemulsion formation. Saponin extraction was performed with maceration technic, identification by phytochemicaland characterization using FTIR and UV Vis spectrophotometer. Carotene is a natural colorant which frequently used in beverages but it is vulnerable with temperatures and lights. Palm oil was used asoilphase. carotene solubilization in microemulsion increases stabilization. Microemulsion formationwas performed by varying surfactant, co surfactant and oil phase. Microemulsion stabilization was observed using turbidity meter, microscope, and particle size analyzer PSA. carotene solubilization and stabilization in microemulsion system were observed by UV Vis spectrophotometer. Microemulsion particle size were confirmed at 8,25 11,20 nm. The result of stabilized oil microemulsion in water wasobtained with ratio ofsurfactant and co surfactant Sm at 8 2, and ratio of Sm and oil at1 4 1. carotene solubilization in microemulsion system isoptimum obtaine dat 2mg ml."

"Kelahiran preterm masih merupakan masalah global. Penyebab kelahiran preterm bersifat multifaktor, di antaranya adalah proses inflamasi dan status nutrisi yang dipengaruhi oleh mikronutrien seperti seng, vitamin A dan D. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh seng, AtRA dan 25(OH)D pada regulasi respons inflamasi pada kelahiran preterm melalui pemeriksaan MyD88, TRIF, NFκB dan IL-1β. Desain kuasi eksperimental dilakukan selama periode Januari-Juni 2017 di RSUPN-CM dan RS Budi Kemuliaan, Jakarta. Subjek dibagi menjadi kelompok aterm (n=25), pretem kontrol (n=27), dan preterm perlakuan (n=26). Kelompok preterm perlakuan diberikan secara oral seng 50 mg/hari, beta-carotene 25.000 IU, dan vitamin D₃ 50.000 IU/minggu. Seluruh subjek dilakukan wawancara, pengukuran konsentrasi seng, AtRA dan 25(OH)D serum dan plasenta, serta kadar MyD88, TRIF, NFκB dan IL-1β plasenta. Pada kelompok aterm konsentrasi AtRA serum dan plasenta lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok lain. Pada kelompok preterm perlakuan, tidak didapatkan adanya perbedaan bermakna konsentrasi seng, AtRA dan 25(OH)D serum sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Ekspresi NFκB dan TRIF lebih rendah pada kelompok aterm dan preterm kontrol, dibandingkan kelompok preterm perlakuan. Konsentrasi IL-1β ditemukan paling tinggi pada kelompok aterm. Konsentrasi seng, AtRA dan 25(OH)D plasenta memiliki korelasi positif sedang dengan IL-1β.Simpulan: Konsentrasi seng, AtRA dan 25(OH)D plasenta yang rendah berhubungan dengan lebih tingginya ekspresi MyD88, TRIF, NFκB dan IL-1β pada kelahiran preterm. Pemberian seng, beta-carotene dan vitamin D₃ berhubungan dengan IL-1β yang lebih rendah.

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Preterm birth is still a global burden. Inflammation process and nutritional status are among its multifactorial etiology which is affected by micronutrient such as vitamin A, D and zinc. Quasi-experimental design was conducted to know the role of zinc, beta-carotene and vitamin D₃ towards inflammatory regulator of preterm birth during January-June 2017 in RSUPN-CM and Budi Kemuliaan Hospital, Jakarta. Subjects were classified into term (n=25), control preterm (n=27), and experimental preterm group (n=26). Subjects in experimental preterm group were given orally zinc 50 mg/day, beta-carotene 25,000 IU and vitamin D₃ 50,000 IU/week. Nutrient intake interview, measurement of zinc, AtRA and 25(OH)D level in serum and placenta was performed in all subjects, also placental concentration of MyD88, TRIF, NFκB dan IL-1β. The term group had higher AtRA concentration in serum and placenta. No significant difference of serum zinc, AtRA and 25(OH)D concentration was found in treated group before and after intervention. The term and control preterm groups had lower expression of NFκB and TRIF compared to the experimental group. The concentration of IL-1β was highest among term group. Placental concentration of zinc, AtRA and 25(OH) had moderate positive correlation with IL-1β.Conclusion: Lower placental concentrations of zinc, AtRA and 25(OH)D relate to higher expression of MyD88, TRIF and NFκB. The supplementation of zinc, beta-carotene and vitamin D₃ relate to lower expression of IL-1β."

"Tribadi, Suranto, Sajidan. 2009. Variation of morphological and protein pattern of cassava (Manihot esculenta) varieties of Adira1 and Cabak makao in Ngawi, East Java. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 14-22. This research is intended to find out the morphological and anatomical variation as well as the protein band pattern of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) widely spread in three different areas of height. The sample collecting is done using simple random sampling in the three different areas of height that is 50, 300, 1000 meters asl in Ngawi District, East Java while the analysis of protein band pattern is done using SDS-PAGE. The result of the research of morphology and anatomy is analyzed descriptively and presented in the form of tabels, histograms and figures. The analysis of protein band pattern is done using quantitative and qualitative analysis that is based on the appearance or not the gel band pattern by counting the molecular weights based on code marker S 8445 and qualitative method based on the quality of the band formed. The band pattern formed is istimated and presented in the form of zimogram. The result of the research shows that the height of the cultivating site very much influences toward variations of root, stem and leaf morphology. The longest root is at 50 meter heights asl (Cabak makao local variety, the widest stem diameter is at 50 meters asl (Cabak makao local variety) the longest leaf and branch is at 300 meters asl (Cabak makao local variety) and 1000 meters asl (Cabak makao local variety). There is no difference of anatomy in the root, stem and leaf and no difference of protein band pattern either in Adira1 or Cabak makao local variety. "

"Red palm oil (RPO) mengandung antioksidan yang larut dalam lemak seperti karotenoid (α dan β-karoten, likopen), vitamin E (dalam bentuk α, β, dan δ tokotrienol dan tokoferol), dan ubikuinon. Red palm oil (RPO) dapat digunakan sebagai upaya mencegah stunting dan kekurangan gizi karena nilai gizi yang jauh lebih tinggi daripada minyak goreng yang beredar di pasaran. Akan tetapi, belum terdapat banyak studi mengenai pemanfaatan red palm oil (RPO) dalam hal tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh formula emulsi dari red palm oil (RPO). Sediaan emulsi red palm oil (RPO) dibuat menggunakan 5% sukrosa ester palmitat untuk mengemulsifikasi 5% (F1), 10% (F2), dan 15% (F3) red palm oil (RPO) dengan madu untuk menambah kestabilan, kemudian dilakukan karakterisasi fisik untuk mengetahui stabilitas emulsi selama 12 minggu. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa selama 12 minggu ketiga formula emulsi stabil berdasarkan parameter organoleptis, pH, homogenitas viskositas, ukuran partikel, dan zeta potensial. Hasil uji hedonis pada 30 orang responden menunjukkan bahwa formula F1 paling disukai para responden. Dengan demikian, dalam penelitian ini formula F1 menghasilkan hasil uji yang paling baik.

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Red palm oil (RPO) contains fat-soluble antioxidants such as carotenoids (α and β-carotene, lycopene), Vitamin E (in the form of α, β, and δ tocotrienols and tocopherols), and ubiquinone. Red palm oil (RPO) can be used as an effort to prevent stunting and nutritional deficiencies due to its significantly higher nutritional value compared to cooking oils available in the market. However, there haven't been many studies regarding the utilization of red palm oil (RPO) in this matter. This study aims to obtain an emulsion formula from red palm oil (RPO). The red palm oil (RPO) emulsion preparations were made using 5% sucrose ester palmitate to emulsify 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3) red palm oil (RPO) with honey to enhance stability. Subsequently, a physical characterization was conducted to determine the emulsion's stability over a period of 12 weeks. The results showed that all three emulsion formulas remained stable over the 12-week period based on organoleptic parameters, pH, viscosity homogeneity, particle size, and zeta potential. Hedonic testing results from 30 respondents indicated that Formula F1 was the most preferred by the respondents. Therefore, in this study, Formula F1 yielded the best test results."

"Karotenoid adalah pigmen alami tidak larut air yang terkenal karena bersifat antioksidan dan merupakan prekursor vitamin A. Beta-karotena merupakan provitamin A terbaik yang umum digunakan dalam industri sebagai pigmen oranye-merah untuk membuat berbagai produk makanan. Pada penelitian ini beta-karotena diekstraksi dari mikroalga dengan jenis spirulina yang ditumbuhkan pada media zarrouk dengan penambahan limbah sawit dalam berbagai persentase. Kandungan karotenoid dalam mikroalga diekstraksi dengan menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol, metanol, heksana, dan diklorometana. Berdasarkan hasil FESEM, terdapat perubahan ukuran granula pada mikroalga yang ditumbuhkan dalam variasi persentase limbah sawit (POME) sebagai media. Diklorometana merupakan pelarut ekstraksi terbaik berdasarkan hasil penentuan kadar beta-karotena dengan spektrofotometer Vis. Persentase limbah sawit dalam media berbanding terbalik dengan kadar beta-karoten dalam mikroalga. Limbah sawit pada media mikroalga menghambat pembentukan pigmen dan menurunkan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak, berdasarkan metode DPPH.

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Carotenoids are natural, insoluble pigments that are famous for their antioxidant properties and are precursors of vitamin A. Beta-carotene is the best pro-vitamin A which is commonly used in industry as an orange-red pigment to make various food products. In this study, beta-carotene was extracted from microalgae, spirulina, grown in zarrouk media with the addition of palm oil waste in various percentages. Carotenoid content in microalgae was extracted using the maceration method with ethanol, methanol, hexane and dichloromethane solvents. Based on FESEM results, there were changes in microalgae granule size that grown in variety percentages of palm oil waste (POME) as medium. Dichloromethane was the best extraction solvent based on the results of determining beta- carotene content using a Vis spectrophotometer. The percentage of palm waste in the media was inversely proportional to the beta-carotene content in microalgae. Palm waste in microalgae medium inhibits pigment formation and reduces antioxidant activity, based on the DPPH method."

"Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menelaah permasalahan yang terjadi dalam pemasaran ubi kayu di Lampung dan mencari alternatif pemecahan masalah.untuk mengatasi permasalahan ubi kayu dalam jangka panjang sangat penting dipertimbangkan menarik partisipasi petani melalui wadah keorganisasiaan ekonomi desa KUD."

"[ABSTRAKDengan potensi ekonomi yang besar dari ubi kayu dalam perdagangandunia dan meningkatnya kebutuhan dunia akan ubi kayu serta denganketerbatasan-keterbatasan Indonesia dalam meningkatkan produksi ubi kayu,perlu dikaji faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi produksi, konsumsi maupunharga ubi kayu di Indonesia. Produksi ubi kayu dipengaruhi secara signifikan olehvariabel harga ubi kayu, luas areal panen ubi kayu dan harga pupuk urea.Konsumsi ubi kayu di Indonesia dipengaruhi secara signifikan oleh variabeljumlah penduduk Indonesia. Harga ubi kayu di Indonesia dipengaruhi secarasignifikan oleh variabel luas panen ubi kayu, konsumsi ubi kayu dan panjang jalanberaspal. Berdasarkan proyeksi, produksi ubi kayu akan mengalami peningkatanjika harga ubi kayu, produktivitas lahan ubi kayu maupun luas panennyaditingkatkan. Konsumsi ubi kayu Indonesia diproyeksikan akan mengalamipenurunan jika secara bersamaan ada peningkatan harga ubi kayu, peningkatanpendapatan perkapita dan adanya peningkatan jumlah penduduk Indonesia. Hargaubi kayu diproyeksikan akan mengalami peningkatan jika konsumsi ubi kayumengalami penurunan dibarengi dengan penurunan luas areal panen ubi kayu.

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ABSTRACTWith great economic potential of cassava in the world trade and theincreasing world demand for cassava as well as the limitations of Indonesia toincrease cassava production it needs to be investigated factors that can affect theproduction, consumption and prices of cassava in Indonesia. Cassava productionis significantly influenced by the variable price of cassava, cassava harvestedarea and price of urea fertilizer. Consumption of cassava in Indonesia issignificantly influenced by population of Indonesia. The price of cassava inIndonesia is significantly influenced by cassava harvested area, consumption ofcassava and the length of tarred road. Based on projections, cassava productionwould increase if cassava price, cassava land productivity and harvested area areimproved. Indonesian cassava consumption is projected to decline if there areincreasing in cassava price, per capita income and population of Indonesiasimultaneously. The price of cassava is projected to increase if the consumption ofcassava decreased accompanied by a decrease in the total area harvestedcassava., With great economic potential of cassava in the world trade and theincreasing world demand for cassava as well as the limitations of Indonesia toincrease cassava production it needs to be investigated factors that can affect theproduction, consumption and prices of cassava in Indonesia. Cassava productionis significantly influenced by the variable price of cassava, cassava harvestedarea and price of urea fertilizer. Consumption of cassava in Indonesia issignificantly influenced by population of Indonesia. The price of cassava inIndonesia is significantly influenced by cassava harvested area, consumption ofcassava and the length of tarred road. Based on projections, cassava productionwould increase if cassava price, cassava land productivity and harvested area areimproved. Indonesian cassava consumption is projected to decline if there areincreasing in cassava price, per capita income and population of Indonesiasimultaneously. The price of cassava is projected to increase if the consumption ofcassava decreased accompanied by a decrease in the total area harvestedcassava.]"