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"ABSTRACTThe carbon dioxide laser is one of the most versatile types on the marked today. It emits infrared radiation between 9 and 11 micrometer (μm) either at a single line selected by the user or on the strongest line in untuned cavities. It can produce continuous output power output powers ranging from well under 1W for scientific applications to many kilowatts for material working. It can generate pulses from the nanosecond to millisecond regimes. Custom made CO2 lasers have produced continues beams of hundreds of kilowatts for military laser weapon research (Hecht 1984) or nanosecond long pulses of 40 kilo joules (kj) for research in laser induced nuclear fusion (Los Alamos National Laboratory 1982). This versatility comes from the fact that there are several distinct types of carbon dioxide lasers. While they share the same active medium, they have important differences in internal structure and more important to the user in lunch oral characteristic. In theory the structural variations could range over a really continuous spectrum, but manufactures have settled on a few standard configurations which meet most user needs. This users see several distinct types, such as waveguide, low power sealed tube, high power following gas, and pulsed transversely excited CO2 lasers. On TEA lasers discharge instabilities make continuous wave operation impractical at gas pressures above about 100 torr (13,3 MPa). How everit is possible to produce pulses lasting tens of nanosecond to microseconds. Such lasers are called transversely excited atmospheric (TEA) lasers because they operate at or near atmospheric pressure, although same times the term is applied to pulsed transversely excited CO2 lasers which operate at higher or lower pressures. The TEA lasers prime attraction of high power per unit volume of laser gas and have fairly complex power requirements because of the nature of their pulsed operation. Typically same energy in the form of electrons or ultraviolet photons is discharged into the laser gas slightly before the main pulse to make it possible to obtain higher output power. In this thesis, basic theory of the Carbon dioxide laser are presented in section II. Section III descibe Optical Transducer. Section IV contains the characterization of carbon dioxide laser with the results and graphs. Finally some conclusion regarding our discussion are summarized in section V."

"A number of problems and challenges surround international tea trade. This study aims to investigate the recent competitiveness of Indonesian tea which consists of package green tea, bulk green tea, package black tea and bulk black tea in global market compared with other tea exporting countries, using two analytical tools: competitiveness matrix and constant market share analysis. Here, competitiveness is defined as the ability to enlarge the share. The study reveals that package green tea and bulk black tea are under bullish period. On the other hand, bulk black tea and package black tea are under bearish period. Indonesian package green tea, in the fifth position, has performed fairly well. Standing in the fifth position, Indonesian bulk green tea export value grows far above its hypothetical level which shows high competitiveness amid less favorable market situation. Indonesian package black tea has performed poorly. The export value is declining as the consequence of misallocation problem and uncompetitive product. Indonesian bulk black tea reaches the third rank although it is still disrupted by misdistribution problem.

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Berbagai masalah dan tantangan yang meliputi perdagangan teh dunia seakan mengikis keunggulan teh Indonesia dan menjadikan teh sebuah komoditas ekspor yang kurang menggiurkan bagi Indonesia. Terkait dengan hal tersebut, bagaimanakah sebenarnya daya saing teh Indonesia di pasar dunia saat ini yang dalam hal ini diartikan dengan sebagai kemampuan meningkatkan pangsa pasar. Inilah yang akan dijawab pada penelitian ini. Dengan menggunakan matrik kompetisi dan pendekatan CMS, empat jenis produk Indonesia: teh hijau kemasan, teh hijau curah, teh hitam kemasan dan teh hitam curah akan ditandingkan dengan yang berasal dari negara pengekspor lain. Studi ini mengungkap bahwa ditingkat dunia, teh hijau kemasan dan teh hitam curah sedang bergairah namun tidak demikian dengan teh hijau curah dan teh hitam kemasan. Daya saing teh hijau kemasan Indonesia menduduki posisi lima dunia. Walaupun dinilai perlu merelokasi pasarnya, daya saing teh hijau curah Indonesia juga menempati posisi lima dunia namun tertinggi dibandingkan komoditas teh lainnya. Kinerja ekspor teh hitam kemasan Indonesia menurun, diliputi masalah komposisi pasar yang kurang tepat dan produk yang kurang bersaing. Daya saing teh hitam curah Indonesia menempati posisi tiga di dunia."