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"As the environmental impact of existing construction and building materials comes under increasing scrutiny, the search for more eco-efficient solutions has intensified. Nanotechnology offers great potential in this area and is already being widely used to great success. Nanotechnology in eco-efficient construction is an authoritative guide to the role of nanotechnology in the development of eco-efficient construction materials and sustainable construction.Following an introduction to the use of nanotechnology in eco-efficient construction materials, part one considers such infrastructural applications as nanoengineered cement-based materials, nanoparticles for high-performance and self-sensing concrete, and the use of nanotechnology to improve the bulk and surface properties of steel for structural applications. Nanoclay-modified asphalt mixtures and safety issues relating to nanomaterials for construction applications are also reviewed before part two goes on to discuss applications for building energy efficiency. Topics explored include thin films and nanostructured coatings, switchable glazing technology and third generation photovoltaic (PV) cells, high-performance thermal insulation materials, and silica nanogel for energy-efficient windows. Finally, photocatalytic applications are the focus of part three, which investigates nanoparticles for pollution control, self-cleaning and photosterilisation, and the role of nanotechnology in manufacturing paints and purifying water for eco-efficient buildings."

"Nanoscience is taking technology to a realm of astounding possibilities. With Nanocosm, Atkinson reveals a spectacular view of the immediate future of nanoscience and its applications in medicine, computing, engineering, and other arenas that affect our world, redefining how we work, play, and live."

"Nanotechnology, that which deals with materials and phenomena in nanometer dimensions (a millionth of a millimeter or 10 -9m) , is a highly interdisiplinary field..."

"Selain peran utamanya sebagai molekul kehidupan, DNA telah menarik perhatian banyak peneliti karena diyakini memiliki sifat-sifat elektronik yang memungkinkannya untuk dapat dipergunakan sebagai divais elektronika molekuler. Namun penelitian-penelitian yang telah dilakukan ternyata menghasilkan temuan yang beragam mengenai karakteristik molekul tersebut. Sejumlah peneliti yang berbeda menyatakan bahwa DNA dapat bersifat sebagai isolator, semikonduktor dengan pita terlarang yang lebar, konduktor, ataupun superkonduktor. Karakteristik yang bervariasi ini disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor. Diantaranya yaitu perbedaan pada struktur molekul itu sendiri, atau penggunaan metode, substrat, elektrode, kontak logam, serta pengaruh lingkungan sekitar yang berbeda-beda pula. Untuk dapat menentukan sifat-sifat elektronik yang benar dari suatu molekul DNA, penelitian dan perhitungan yang akurat sangat diperlukan. Penelitian yang dilakukan pada skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan sifat-sifat elektronik yang akurat dari suatu molekul DNA, yaitu "potongan" pasangan basa nitrogen A-T dan C-G. Perhitungan struktur elektronik dari kedua molekul ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan program SIESTA yang berlandaskan density functional theory. Saat ini DFT dipercaya sebagai metode yang paling akurat untuk melaksanakan perhitungan struktur elektronik. Delapan perhitungan dilakukan untuk 2 struktur molekul yang berbeda, menggunakan 2 metode DFT dan 2 nilai lattice constant yang berbeda pula. Pada SIESTA dan DFT, pertama-tama hams dibuat suatu pseudopotential untuk masing-masing atom yang menyusun molekul yang hendak dipelajari. Pseudopotential-pseudopotential ini harus memenuhi sejumlah persyaratan untuk dapat dikatakan sebagai 'norm-conserving' pseudopotential dan agar dapat digunakan untuk perhitungan molekul selanjutnya. Salah satu cara untuk memeriksa hal ini adalah dengan memperhatikan fungsi gelombangnya. Untuk perhitungan yang dilakukan pada skripsi ini, semua pseudopotential untuk atom-atom Karbon, Hidrogen, Nitrogen, dan Oksigen telah diperiksa dan memenuhi persyaratan 'norm-conserving'. Dilihat dari grafik pita energi setiap molekul yang dihasilkan dari perhitungan, secara umum terindikasi bahwa pasangan basa nitrogen A-T bersifat seperti semikonduktor tipe-p dengan lebar pita terlarang sebesar 3.7-3.8 eV, sementara pasangan basa nitrogen C-G bersifat seperti semikonduktor tipe-n dengan lebar pita terlarang sebesar 2.4 - 2.5 eV. Hasil paling baik didapatkan dari perhitungan yang menggunakan metode GGA dengan nilai lattice constant yang memberikan nilai energi total molekul paling kecil. Perbedaan karakteristik antara kedua molekul ini mungkin disebabkan karena lebih rendahnya nilai potensial reduksi-oksidasi pasangan basa C-G dibandingkan pasangan basa A-T.

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Apart from its major role as the molecule of life, DNA has attracted many scientists' interest because of its electrical properties which can cause it being used as molecular electronic device. However, researches done have revealed its diverse characteristics. Some said that DNA is an insulator; others claim that it is a large band gap semiconductor, conductor, or even superconductor. These various characteristics are caused by its various structures, or by the diversity of measurement methods, electrodes, substrates, metal contacts, and environment conditions. To determine DNA's appropriate electronic properties, accurate research and calculation are very important. Research done in this thesis aim to get accurate electronic properties of DNA in single base-pair level. A-T and C-G base pair electronic structure is calculated using SIESTA software package which is based on density functional theory. DFT is currently believed as the best method to perform electronic structure calculations accurately. Eight calculations are done with two molecular structures, two methods of DFT, and two given values of lattice constant. In SIESTA and DFT method, first we have to generate pseudopotentials for each atomic species used in the system we want to calculate. These pseudopotentials have to fulfill some requirements to be regarded as "norm-conserving" and able to be used for farther calculations. One of the ways to check these conditions is by observing their wavefimctions. For calculations done in this research, all pseudopotentials for Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen atoms present in DNA molecules are thoroughly checked and "norm-conserving". By looking at the band structures resulted by the calculations, it is generally indicated that A-T base-pair acts as p-type semiconductor with bandgap (HOMO-LUMO gap) value approximately 3.7-3.8 eV, while C-G base-pair acts as n-type semiconductor with bandgap value 2.4 - 2.5 eV. Best results are produced using GGA method and the value of lattice constant that corresponds to the minimum total energy of the molecules. The difference of the results for these two molecules is most likely being caused by the lower redox potential of C-G base-pair rather than that ofA-T base-pair."