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"This book provides information on current trends and advances in research on networked learning, technology enhanced learning, and e-learning. Specifically, it provides cutting edge information in the areas of designing and facilitating, learning in a networked world, methodologies for research in networked learning, learning in social networks, embedding networked learning in public and private organizations, problem based networked learning, globalization and multiculturalism in networked learning, networked learning and international development, and participation and alienation in networked learning."

"This new edition of a textbook first published in 2000 provides a comprehensive account of the law of treaties from the viewpoint of an experienced practitioner. As such, it is the first, and only, book of its kind. Aust provides a wealth of examples of the problems experienced with treaties on a daily basis, not just when they are the subject of a court case. He explores numerous precedents from treaties and other related documents, such as memorandums of understanding (MOUs), in detail. Using clear, accessible language, the author covers the full extent of treaty law, drawing examples from both treaties and MOUs. Modern Treaty Law and Practice is essential reading for teachers and students of law, political science, international relations and diplomacy, who have an interest in treaties."

"Latar belakang: Operasi jantung membutuhkan larutan kardioplegia untuk menghentikan jantung. Saat ini sebagian besar larutan kardioplegia menggunakan mekanisme depolarisasi membran yang berisiko menyebabkan gangguan keseimbangan ion transmembran, aritmia, vasokonstriksi koroner, gangguan kontraktilitas, dan sindrom curah jantung rendah. Menunjukkan proteksi miokardium masih belum optimal. Henti jantung melalui polarisasi membran secara teori dapat memberikan proteksi miokardium yang lebih baik.Tujuan: Diketahui kualitas proteksi miokardium henti jantung terpolarisasi dibandingkan dengan henti jantung terdepolarisasi.Metode: Tinjauan sistematik dengan menerapkan protokol PRISMA-P. Data didapatkan melalui pencarian dalam basis data Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, dan Embase.Hasil: Dari penelusuran diperoleh empat studi yang memenuhi kriteria. Tiga studi dengan desain uji acak terkontrol, satu studi dengan desain kohort retrospektif. Jumlah sampel bervariasi dari 60 sampai 1000 subjek. Kualitas proteksi miokardium dinilai dari kejadian aritmia pascaoperasi, infark miokardium pascaoperasi, dan sindrom curah jantung rendah pascaoperasi. Satu studi melaporkan angka kejadian aritmia pascaoperasi yang lebih rendah secara bermakna pada kelompok henti jantung terpolarisasi (p 0,010). Tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna pada kejadian infark miokardium pascaoperasi. Tiga studi melaporkan angka kejadian sindrom curah jantung rendah pascaoperasi yang lebih rendah pada kelompok henti jantung terpolarisasi namun tidak bermakna secara statistik.Kesimpulan: Henti jantung terpolarisasi berpotensi memberikan kualitas proteksi miokardium yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan henti jantung terdepolarisasi.

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Background: Cardioplegia is needed in cardiac surgery to arrest the heart to achieve a quiet and bloodless field. Depolarized cardiac arrest is widely used despite the risk of ionic imbalances, arrhythmias, coronary vasoconstriction, contractility dysfunction, and low cardiac output syndrome leading to suboptimal myocardial protection. Polarized cardiac arrest has a more physiological mechanism to arrest the heart, thus giving better cardioprotection qualities.

Objective: To assess the myocardial protection quality of polarized cardiac arrest compared with depolarized cardiac arrest.

Method: Systematic review with PRISMA-P protocol. The literature search was performed using Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Embase databases.

Result: Three randomized controlled trials and one retrospective cohort study were identified, with sample sizes varied between 60 to 1000 subjects. The quality of myocardial protection was assessed from postoperative arrhythmias, postoperative myocardial infarction, and postoperative low cardiac output syndrome. One study reported significantly lower postoperative arrhythmias in the polarized arrest group (p 0.010). There were no differences in postoperative myocardial infarction between the two intervention groups. Three studies reported lower postoperative low cardiac output syndrome in the polarized arrest group although not statistically significant.

Conclusion: Polarized cardiac arrest may give better myocardial protection than depolarized cardiac arrest."