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"Proyek pembangunan infrastruktur transmisi gas bumi tidak lepas dari risiko dan bahaya untuk pekerjaan proyek tersebut. Ini adalah proyek pemasangan pipa bawah laut dari sebuah Lapangan X ke fasilitas darat di Lokasi Y. Proyek ini dilakukan antara dua pulau dengan jarak 200 kilometer dengan menggunakan pipa 14 inchi. Identifikasi risiko dan bahaya terkait dengan pemasangan pipa dari Lapangan X menuju Lokasi Y menggunakan Process Hazard Assessment (PHA) dengan metode HAZOP dan HAZID yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan.Hasil dari HAZOP dan HAZID tersebut kemudian diolah oleh peneliti untuk dilakukan penilaian lebih lanjut menggunakan metode Layer of Protection (LOPA) dengan mengimplementasikan pendekatan level Inherently Safer Design (ISD). Pendekatan level ISD dilakukan melalui empat skenario untuk menentukan level ISD dan skenario yang paling sesuai dan efisien secara ekonomi. Skenario tersebut terdiri dari empat pemodelan; Initiate Condition, Severity Reduced Condition, Likelihood Reduced Condition, Passive Safeguard Applied Condition.Hasil dari masing-masing skenario tersebut kemudian direpresentasikan melalui level SIL yang diperoleh dari metode LOPA. Dari hasil tersebut dilakukan justifikasi Benefit and Cost Analysis untuk melihat skenario mana yang paling sesuai dan efisien secara ekonomi yang dapat menjadi rekomendasi bagi perusahaan. Passive Safeguard Applied Condition memiliki hasil SIL 1 dan Benefit to Cost Ratio yang paling sesuai sebesar 2.69 di lokasi HIPPS dan 12.77 di lokasi PAHH on CPP.

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Natural Gas Transmission Infrastructure Development cannot be separated from risks and hazards related to the project it self. This is a pipeline installation project from Gas Field X to Onshore Receiving Facility Y. This project located between two islands with range 200km using 14 inch pipe. Risk and hazard identification for this project using Process Hazard Assessment (PHA) with HAZOP and HAZID methodology which has been done by Company.The result from HAZOP and HAZID has further development with Layer of Protection (LOPA) methodology with ISD level approach implementation. ISD level approach implementation done by four option scenario to determine the ISD level and most efficient and effective scenario in terms of economical. The scenarios such as: Initiate Condition, Severity Reduced Condition, Likelihood Reduced Condition, Passive Safeguard Applied Condition.Each scenario will result a SIL level from LOPA Methodology. Then the result will be justified through benefit and cost analysis calculation to determine the best option for company. Passive Safeguard Applied Condition has result SIL 1 and the most appropriate Benefitt to Cost Ratio 2.69 on HIPPS and 12.77 on PAHH."

"This book focuses on the emerging role of human factors in understanding, communicating with and engaging users. It reports on innovative approaches, highlighting visuals cues, such as new typographies, geometries and graphics for mobile and computer interfaces. The book also covers image and video processing, user-focused data compression, generative visuals, computational photography, and interactive design. Further topics include creative and empathetic design, human touch in digital graphics and experiential graphics. Based on the AHFE 2018 International Conference on Human Factors in Communication of Design, held on July 21–25, 2018, in Orlando, Florida, USA, this book reports on new findings, best-practices and case studies, providing readers with a fresh perspective and novel insights into the applications of human factors for enhancing the communication of design to users."

"This book addresses a range of topics in design, such as universal design, design for all, digital inclusion, universal usability, and accessibility of technologies for people regardless of their age, financial situation, education, geographic location, culture and language. It especially focuses on accessibility for people with auditory, cognitive, neurological, and visual impairments, ageing populations, and mobility for those with special physical needs.The book explores some of the overlaps between inclusive design and web accessibility to help managers, designers, developers, policy makers, and researchers optimize their efforts in these areas. Based on the AHFE 2018 International Conference on Design for Inclusion, held on July 21–25, 2018, in Orlando, Florida, USA, it discusses new design technologies and highlights the disparate needs of the individuals within a community. Thanks to its multidisciplinary approach, it is a valuable resource for readers from various backgrounds, providing them a timely, practice-oriented guide to design for inclusion."

"This book addresses a range of topics in design, such as universal design, design for all, digital inclusion, universal usability, and accessibility of technologies for people regardless of their age, financial situation, education, geographic location, culture and language. It especially focuses on accessibility for people with auditory, cognitive, neurological, and visual impairments, ageing populations, and mobility for those with special physical needs.The book explores some of the overlaps between inclusive design and web accessibility to help managers, designers, developers, policy makers, and researchers optimize their efforts in these areas. Based on the AHFE 2018 International Conference on Design for Inclusion, held on July 21–25, 2018, in Orlando, Florida, USA, it discusses new design technologies and highlights the disparate needs of the individuals within a community. Thanks to its multidisciplinary approach, it is a valuable resource for readers from various backgrounds, providing them a timely, practice-oriented guide to design for inclusion."

"This book provides readers with a timely snapshot of ergonomics research and methods applied to the design, development and prototyping – as well as the evaluation, training and manufacturing – of products, systems and services. Combining theoretical contributions, case studies, and reports on technical interventions, it covers a wide range of topics in ergonomic design including: ecological design; educational and game design; cultural and ethical aspects in design; user research and human–computer interaction in design; as well as design for accessibility and extreme environments, and many others. The book particularly focuses on new technologies such as virtual reality, state-of-the-art methodologies in information design, and human–computer interfaces. Based on the AHFE 2018 International Conference on Ergonomics in Design, held on July 21–25, 2018, in Orlando, Florida, USA, the book offers a timely guide for both researchers and design practitioners, including industrial designers, human–computer interaction and user experience researchers, production engineers and applied psychologists."

"This book provides readers with a snapshot of cutting-edge methods and procedures in industrial design, with a particular focus on human-centered and user-experience design, service design, sustainable design and applications of virtual & augmented reality. Reporting on both theoretical and practical investigations aimed at improving industrial design through interdisciplinary collaboration, it covers a wide range of topics – from design strategies to product research and planning, exhibit design, as well as new materials and color research.Based on the AHFE 2018 International Conference on Interdisciplinary Practice in Industrial Design, held on July 21–25, 2018, in Orlando, Florida, USA, the book offers a timely guide for industrial designers, production engineers and computer scientists."