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"Pemerintah dalam rangka mendorong tumbuhnya industri telekomunikasi di Indonesia, telah menetapkan kebijakan penyelenggaraan telekomunikasi dari yang sebelumnya bersifat monopoli menjadi mengarah kepada iklim kompetisi yang fair dan sehat, melalui restrukturisasi di sektor telekomunikasi berdasarkan Undang-Undang nomor 36 tahun1999 dan Peraturan Pemerintah nomor 52 tahun 2000 serta Keputusan Menteri nomor 21 tahun 2001 mengenai penyelenggaraan jasa telekomunikasi yang diperbaharui dengan Keputusan Menteri nomor 28 tahun 2004, dengan demikian sehingga dimungkinkannya hubungan yang tidak lagi sebatas satu jaringan akan tetapi mengarah kepada hubungan dengan pengguna jaringan penyelenggara yang berbeda atau any to any. Untuk mendorong tumbuhnya penyelenggaraan telekomunikasi yang lebih kompetitif, pemerintah melalui Peraturan Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika menetapkan PerMen KOMINFO no. 08/Per/M.KOMINFO/02/2006 tentang Interkoneksi, yang diberlakukan efektif per 1 Januari 2007 dimana salah satu hal yang penting dalam pengaturan interkoneksi tersebut adalah penetapan biaya interkoneksi yang dipergunakan acuan bagi penyelenggara dalam melakukan interkoneksi, dimana pemerintah mengatur perhitungan biaya interkoneksi tidak lagi berbasis Revenue Sharing atau bagi hasil melainkan secara Cost Based atau berbasis biaya per stream produk layanan dimana efek dari implementasinya adalah mempersempit peluang TELKOM sebagai incumbent dan sebagai pemilik jaringan terbesar di Indonesia , sehingga untuk memberi daya saing bagi Telkom agar dapat berkompetisi maka dilakukan re-engineering terhadap tarif Cost Based dimaksud.

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Government in order to encourage the growth of the telecommunications industry in Indonesia, has been set administration policy from the previous telecommunications monopoly is to lead to a climate of fair competition and healthy, through restructuring the telecommunications sector, according to Law number 36 year 1999 and Government Regulation number 52 of 2000 and Ministerial Decree number 21 year 2001 regarding the conduct of telecommunications services which was renewed with the Ministerial Decree number 28 in 2004, with the possibility that such relationships are no longer limited to one network but leads to a relationship with users to different networks or any to any. To encourage the growth of telecommunications operation more competitive, the government through the Regulation of the Minister of Communications and Information KOMINFO set no. 08/Per/M.KOMINFO/02/2006 on Interconnection, which came into force effective as of January 1, 2007 where one of the things that are important in setting interconnection is interconnection costing used in reference to providers interconnect, where the government set up the calculation of interconnection fees no longer based on Revenue Sharing, or for the results but the cost-based or cost-per-stream-based service products where the effect of the implementation is narrowing opportunities for the incumbent Telkom and the owner of the biggest networks in Indonesia, so as to provide for Telkom's competitiveness in order to compete then be re -engineering of the Cost Based tariffs meant."

"Pemerintah dalam rangka mendorong tumbuhnya industri telekomunikasi di Indonesia, telah menetapkan kebijakan penyelenggaraan telekomunikasi dari yang sebelumnya bersifat monopoli menjadi mengarah kepada iklim kompetisi yang fair dan sehat, melalui restrukturisasi di sektor telekomunikasi berdasarkan Undang- Undang nomor 36 tahun1999 dan Peraturan Pemerintah nomor 52 tahun 2000 serta Keputusan Menteri nomor 21 tahun 2001 mengenai penyelenggaraan jasa telekomunikasi yang diperbaharui dengan Keputusan Menteri nomor 28 tahun 2004, dengan demikian sehingga dimungkinkannya hubungan yang tidak lagi sebatas satu jaringan akan tetapi mengarah kepada hubungan dengan pengguna jaringan penyelenggara yang berbeda atau any to any.Untuk mendorong tumbuhnya penyelenggaraan telekomunikasi yang lebih kompetitif, pemerintah melalui Peraturan Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika menetapkan PerMen KOMINFO no. 08/Per/M.KOMINFO/02/2006 tentang Interkoneksi, yang diberlakukan efektif per 1 Januari 2007 dimana salah satu hal yang penting dalam pengaturan interkoneksi tersebut adalah penetapan biaya interkoneksi yang dipergunakan acuan bagi penyelenggara dalam melakukan interkoneksi, dimana pemerintah mengatur perhitungan biaya interkoneksi tidak lagi berbasis Revenue Sharing atau bagi hasil melainkan secara Cost Based atau berbasis biaya per stream produk layanan dimana efek dari implementasinya adalah mempersempit peluang TELKOM sebagai incumbent dan sebagai pemilik jaringan terbesar di Indonesia , sehingga untuk memberi daya saing bagi Telkom agar dapat berkompetisi maka dilakukan re-engineering terhadap tarif Cost Based dimaksud.

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Government in order to encourage the growth of the telecommunications industry in Indonesia, has been set administration policy from the previous telecommunications monopoly is to lead to a climate of fair competition and healthy, through restructuring the telecommunications sector, according to Law number 36 year 1999 and Government Regulation number 52 of 2000 and Ministerial Decree number 21 year 2001 regarding the conduct of telecommunications services which was renewed with the Ministerial Decree number 28 in 2004, with the possibility that such relationships are no longer limited to one network but leads to a relationship with users to different networks or any to any.To encourage the growth of telecommunications operation more competitive, the government through the Regulation of the Minister of Communications and Information KOMINFO set no. 08/Per/M.KOMINFO/02/2006 on Interconnection, which came into force effective as of January 1, 2007 where one of the things that are important in setting interconnection is interconnection costing used in reference to providers interconnect, where the government set up the calculation of interconnection fees no longer based on Revenue Sharing, or for the results but the cost-based or cost-per-stream-based service products where the effect of the implementation is narrowing opportunities for the incumbent Telkom and the owner of the biggest networks in Indonesia, so as to provide for Telkom's competitiveness in order to compete then be re -engineering of the Cost Based tariffs meant."

"Perubahan dari era monopoli ke era kompetisi merubah paradigma tentang telekomunikasi di Indonesia. Perubahan tersebut membawa dampak terhadap persaingan dan keterhubungan jaringan antar operator telekomunikasi sehingga diperlukan interkoneksi. Layanan transit merupakan salah satu layanan interkoneksi yang hak penyelenggaranya adalah operator penyelenggara jaringan tetap jarak jauh. Perhitungan tarif interkoneksi berdasarkan cost based telah menurunkan revenue dari penyelenggara layanan transit. Hal ini disebabkan perhitungan tarif layanan transit lebih mahal bila dibandingkan dengan layanan direct. Layanan transit memiliki kepentingan bagi operator incumbent dalam hal ini PT TELKOM Tbk, untuk optimalisasi jaringan sekaligus sebagai efisiensi network secara nasional.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara menganalisis daya saing industri layanan transit terhadap faktor faktor yang mempengaruhi lingkungan eksternal industri dengan menggunakan model 5 forces porter dan untuk mengetahui lingkungan internal agar industri tetap memiliki daya saing, maka digunakan strategi SWOT untuk menentukan strategi berdasarkan hasil analisis untuk lingkungan eksternal dan internal perusahaan. Bisnis layanan transit di era interkoneksi cost based memiliki kompetisi yang tinggi dalam industri sehingga diperlukan strategi ST (strenghts and threats) agar dapat menghadapi kompetisi. Asumsi growth rate telekomunikasi sebesar 14% tiap tahunnya akan memberikan pertumbuhan revenue bagi layanan transit menjadi sebesar 1,678 trilyun rupiah.

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The revolution from monopoly era to a competition era have changed the paradigm on telecommunication in indonesia. These causes an impact towards competition and network connection between telecommunication operators, in this case, interconnection are needed.Transit service is one of the interconnection services that are based on long distance network operator. Interconnection rate is cost based decreasing revenue from transit service, this caused by high priced transit service rate compared to direct service. Transit service has an important role for incumbent operator, in this case to optimal the network and also efficient network of PT. Telkom Tbk nationally.These researches are based on analyzing the competition of transit service industries towards factors that persuade the environment of external and internal industries by using 5 forces porter models. In that case, SWOT strategy is the right strategy to explore the internal environment factors toward industries developing the power to compete and dealing with the environments. Transit service business in the cost based interconnection era has a high competition in industries, therefore, ST (strengths and threats) strategies are needed for the competition. Asumption of Telecommunication growth rate is 14% every year, this will developed revenue for transit service to be 1.678 trillion rupiahs."

"Tarif interkoneksi antar operator di era kompetisi, merupakan masalah yang cukup komplek. Pemerintah sebagai regulator berkepentingan untuk membuat formulasi tarif interkoneksi yang adil, dimana perhitungannya harus berbasis biaya dan sebanding dengan resources yang digunakan. Tarif interkoneksi yang mencerminkan cost-based charge diperoleh melalui studi biaya bottom-up dengan kerangka teori-nya forward looking-incremental cost. Studi biaya tersebut menghasilkan beban biaya layanan tiap operator. Formulasi tarif interkoneksi diidentifikasian melalui berbagai faktor, dimana faktor-faktor tersebut dapat mempengaruhi besaran tarif interkoneksi. Faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi besaran tarif interkoneksi diperoleh melalui suatu analisa. Faktor-faktor tersebut antara lain: beban biaya layanan tiap operator (Bon ), lama waktu existing tiap operator (AEon ), dan tarif terhadap diferensiasi jarak tiap operator (ATJn ).

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The interconnection charge among operators in era competition has a lot of complex problems. The government as a regulator has an obligation to make a rule of interconnection charge. The interconnection charge must be the cost-based and the proportional by resources each operator. The interconnections charge on cost-based is identified from the cost study's the bottom-up approach by the theoretical framework's the forward looking incremental costs. The costs-study approach produced the services cost each operator. The formulation of interconnection charge is identified by some factors, which these factors affected a number of interconnection charge. The factors affected a number of interconnection charge, is identified by the analysis. These factors are the services costs each operator (ATJn), the time-scope of existing each operator (ATJn) and the charge of differentiation distance each operator (AEon)."

"Paradigrna baru pengelolaan bisnis jasa telekomunikasi telah bergeser dari pola monopoli pemerintah menjadi kompetisi Penyelenggaraan tunggal oleh badan usaha milik negara telah gagal dalam memberikan pelayanan sesuai dengan tuntutan ekonomi dan kebutuhan masyarakat. Sehingga posisi ini diambil alih melalui penyelenggaraan multi operator yang umumnya diselenggarakan oleh pihak swasta. Selanjutnya kondisi ini akan menciptakan nuansa baru bagi regulasi telekomunikasi. Setiap operator harus melakukan interkoneksi, yang memberikan jaminan bagi pelanggan jasa untuk melakukan komunikasi dengan pelanggan jasa pada operator lain dengan cara yang sama.Pengaturan regulasi interkoneksi antar penyelenggara pada industri jasa multi operator merupakan hal yang sangat panting, khususnya kompetisi di bidang telekomunikasi Regulasi tarif interkoneksi di Indonesia saat ini mengacu kepada pola revenue sharing terhadap tarif pungut ke pelanggan.Metodologi penelitian yang dilaksanakan dalam Thesis ini dimulai dari pengumpulan data teknis dan lingkungan ekonomi. Faktor-faktor yang dipertimbangkan dalam perhitungan tarif jasa interkoneksi ini adalah masyarakat sebagai pengguna jasa telekomunikasi, operator penyedia jasa interkoneksi, operator yang memerlukan jasa interkoneksi serta regulator telekomunikasi. Perhitungan tarif jasa interkoneksi menggunakan metode Long Run Incremental Cost (LRIC). Analisa dilakukan terhadap kemampuan daya beli masyarakat dalam mengkonsumsi jasa telekomunikasi yang ditunjukkan melalui Produk Domestik Bruto per kapita. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisa kelayakan investasi melalui penilaian tingkat pengembalian investasi dan waktu pengembalian investasi. Dari analisa terakhir adalah perbandingan tarif dengan produk jasa sejenis, yaitu jasa sirkit langganan.serta dorongan kompetisi. Kasus yang dikembangkan dalam Thesis ini adalah Divisi Network PT. Telkom sebagai penyelenggara jasa jaringan SLJJ.Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa tarif interkoneksi yang ada saat ini mempunyai nilai melebihi kemampuan daya beli masyarakat dalam mengkonsumsi jasa telekomunikasi khususnya jasa interkoneksi. Perlunya mark up untuk memperoleh tarif jasa interkoneksi yang memadai bagi tingkat pengembalian investasi yang wajar.Strategi yang diterapkan adalah melakukan penetapan harga jasa interkoneksi dalam jangkauan tertentu yang memberikan insentif bagi penyelenggara dan terjangkau oleh pengguna jasa interkoneksi. Selanjutnya tarif interkoneksi yang ditetapkan diharapkan tidak menjadi predatory price bagi jasa telekomunikasi lainnya.

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The new paradigm on managing telecommunications services business has moved from government monopoly to competition. The single, state-owned operator has failed to deliver the services that modern economies and societies demand. Its place has been taken by a new multi-operator industry, much of it privately owned In addition, this condition will create a new atmosphere on telecommunications regulation. The operators must interconnect, so that the subscribers to each network can talk to the subscribers of others networks in a seamless way.

The interconnect arrangements between the networks of this multi-operator industry are vital to its effectiveness, due to competition in telecommunications_ Now, interconnect pricing in .Indonesia is referring to revenue sharing based on retail.

Starting from collecting technical and economies environment data, this Thesis will run the steps of research methodology. Several aspects that will be considered in interconnect pricing, are community as main users on telecommunications services, access providers, access seekers and telecommunications regulator. The thesis is using Long Run Incremental Cost (LRIC) model, as a framework to calculate interconnect pricing. Thesis will analyze the capability of Indonesian people's buying power on telecommunications services. It will be shown through Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP per capita). The following step is investment analysis, how to make investment feasible through severe analysis, such as: valuation on investment rate of return and payback period. The last analysis is comparing tariff on similar services - between 2-Mbps leased line tariff and interconnect tariff It will be used to know how does tariff influences services each other. Thesis will develop case study on Network Division, PT. Telkom as Long Distance operator.

Analysis result shows how the existing tariff has a value above buying power of Indonesian community for consuming telecommunications services, especially on interconnect services. To get normal rate of return on investment, it will be needed mark up on cost of services sold on interconnect services.

The strategy, that will be applied, are deciding certain range of tar ff which give incentive for operator and consider buying power of interconnect services users_ The decisions on interconnect services tariff will not be a predatory pricing toward other telecommunications services."

"When a country wants to get wealthy economy, in condition that changes rapidly, the commerce must play the important part (Hatta, 1998). In this globalization era each part of economy has to raise their ability to compete in produce, sell, even break the market, which still not restriction clearly. In other words they must be able to compete in competitive economy.

Today, sea transportation exertion encounters menace because of the work rate and competition ability of national transportation is still low. This case can be shown from the national sea business is still marginal, low port service, apprehensive safety, security and sea pollution. These problems caused high cost and risk sea transportation exertion, and maritime area classified as black spot (unreliable area).

In 2003, total shipping and carriers business is US$ 535.056.138. For domestic carriers is US$ 170.525.200 and national shipping only US$ 90.719.407 or 53.2% while abroad freight is US$ 364.817.246, national shipping US$ 15.103.601 or 3.41% and rest is taken by foreign shipping.

In 2003, the PT. Djakarta Lloyd can get operational income at least 350 billion. Domestic shipping lines give 213 (about 240 billion) of total income. Rest, about 4% of total freight business comes from domestic lines (Finance bureau of PT. Djakarta Lloyd, 2003).

Strategy analysis is important, because the changes is occurred every second, tightly competition, rising of inflation, descend economic growth, more sophisticated technology and demographic condition that caused the turned of consumers desire rapidly.

In this case will be discussed how competitive position and strategy that agreed with PT. Djakarta Lloyd using SWOT analysis.

This research used quantitative analysis research method to descript the company condition with its potential consumers.

The identification result of internal and external factors show that tariff assignment policy as strength factor would give significant impact in business strategy. The limits of capital will impact the development effort, it will become big menace, while the speed of national economy growth will become big opportunity but it will face depreciation menace of currency exchange (Rp against US$).

The discussion result using SWOT analysis makes conclusions as follow:

1. Competitive position of PT. Djakarta Lloyd today is in the first quadrant, it means the position that direct to the aggressive growth (growth oriented strategy)

2. Competitive strategy that the company must to do is opportunity maximize opportunity supported the existing strength though faced capital limits and menace currency exchange depredation."