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"The legal status of the Arctic Ocean is strongly debated, particularly in the context of security. Some argue that the Arctic Ocean is a global commons, while others deny this. Japan is currently formulating its Arctic policy, but it is uncertain about this legal definition with respect to security matters. Japan’s Arctic policy, which was publicised on 16 October 2015, will be influenced by its bilateral and multilateral relations with the Arctic and non- Arctic states. This paper considers the following three relevant issues:(1)The concept of a global commons under international law;(2)Whether or not the Arctic Ocean can be defined as a global commons; and(3)Japan’s options for its Arctic policy with special reference to security and Japan-US bilateral relations based on the Japan-US alliance. This paper concludes that the application of global commons to the Arctic Ocean would be misguided and would not resolve issues of security because the legal concept is vague and it lacks specific context and origin. In addition, Japan’s Arctic policy should be concrete and sufficiently comprehensive to face challenges within and outside the Arctic Council."

"When Artemis learns that his father has been kidnapped by the Russian mob, he races to the Arctic Circle to make a daring rescue, where he finds an old acquaintance, Captain Holly Short, who is investigating a plot of the goblin mob."

"The volume addresses the following major topics :- Research results in observing aspects of the Arctic climate system and its processes across a range of time and space scales- Representation of cryospheric, atmospheric, and oceanic processes in models, including simulation of their interaction with coupled models- Our understanding of the role of the Arctic in the global climate system, its response to large-scale climate variations, and the processes involved."

"This book about, the physical environment and navigation issues for the Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi seas. Fully half of the book describes accidents induced by heavy ice conditions since 1900: 94 accidents are carefully reported and classified. Among these, the accidents involve shipwrecks, forced drift (ice jet as special case), overwintering, and various types of vessel damage. Most accounts include details such as distinguishing features, behavior of the crew, photos, and maps, which reveal ice conditions, date, location, and vessels involved (for each of four seas). "