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"The Conference of Parties (COP) 15 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held in Copenhagen in December 2009, ended with no legally-binding commitments. The confer­ence has produced the Copenhagen Accord, but left many issues unad­dressed, and thus, creating uncertainty concerning the future of the Kyoto Protocol. This is certainly not a very promising outcome, since the COP 13 in Bali has mandated a legally-binding agreement to be concluded in COP 15.The results of the conference have sparked critiques, while the world leaders started to blame each other for the collapse of the climate talks in Copenhagen. Developing countries pointed at the developed countries for the uneasy results of the Copenhagen meeting, as clearly indicated by the statement of the spokesperson of the G77 who blamed the US President for `locking the poor into permanent poverty by refusing to reduce US emissions further'. On the other hand, leaders of developed countries blamed the fast-growing developing countries for the failure.' Still, however, other countries see the Accord as the best possible result of otherwise worse alternatives that could be achieved in Copenhagen.2 Hence, they declared their association with the Accord and subsequently submitted their emission reduction plans. Indonesia belongs to this latter group by submitting its unilateral pledge to cut emissions by 26 to 41 per cent of its Business as Usual (BAU) emissions in 2020.Given all controversies surrounding the Accord, one may ask why a developing country like Indonesia needs to be associated with the Accord in the first place. Further, questions may also arise as to the legal statusof the Accord and the position of developing countries in the next climate talks. In addition, one may also pose a question as to whether Indonesia could achieve its pledge by considering policies and laws related to Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) mitigation in Indonesia.To answer these questions, this chapter is structured as follows. After this introduction, Section 1 will discuss various important issues in the Copenhagen Accord. The discussions will be followed by an overview of some challenges that probably surface in the next climate talks. Section 2 attempts to provide a proposal on emission reduction targets that are more consistent with the common but differentiated principle, given the needs to keep the increased temperature below 2° Centigrade. Section 3 discusses some policies and laws related to GHGs mitigation in Indonesia. Section 4 analyses Indonesian legal responses to climate change. Some concluding remarks will be provided in Section 5."

"Berbagai jenis latar belakang sosial atau budaya, dikombinasikan dengan status wilayah atau sosial, masuk dalam produksi wacana lisan tertulis. Salah satu wacana lisan yang menarik untuk dibahas adalah wawancara politik. Sering terungkap di dalamnya alasan mengapa para pemimpin politik berbicara dengan cara tertentu. Meskipun ada beberapa yang bersikap halus dalam tutur kata mereka, ada juga beberapa yang tidak, salah satunya adalah presiden Filipina, Rodrigo Roa Duterte. Dikenal dengan kepribadiannya yang blak-blakan, ia sering menyatakan hal-hal kontroversial yang memengaruhi negaranya dan menuai kritik dari berbagai tempat. Menggunakan analisis wacana kritis model van Dijk (2004) tentang strategi makro penggambaran positif terhadap diri sendiri dan penggambaran negatif terhadap pihak lain 25 strategi mikro lainnya, penelitian ini menganalisis bagaimana Duterte memandang hubungan negara-negara lain dengan Filipina dalam wawancara bersama Russia Today. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Duterte menentang hubungan Filipina dengan Amerika Serikat yang terlihat dari representasi negatif yang diterimanya dibandingkan dengan Rusia dan Cina. Strategi diskursif yang paling banyak digunakan adalah implikasi, leksikalisasi, dan contoh/ilustrasi. Selain itu, strategi-strategi ini juga digunakan Duterte untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan pribadinya.

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Different types of social or cultural background, combined with a region or social status, go into the making of spoken or written discourse. One of the interesting spoken discourses to discuss is political interview. It often reveals the intention of political leaders way of speaking. While there are those who are subtle in their way of talking, there are also a few who do not, one of whom is the Philippines president, Rodrigo Roa Duterte. Known for his outspoken personality, he often states controversial things that influence his country and derive critics from various places. Using van Dijks (2004) framework on the macro strategies of positive self-presentation and negative other-presentation plus the other 25 micro strategies, this research analyzes how Duterte views other countries relations with the Philippines based on his most-watched English interview with Russia Today. The findings revealed that Duterte is against the Philippines relations with the USA as the latter is being presented negatively compared to Russia and China. The discursive strategies that are mostly used are implication, lexicalization, and example/illustration. Moreover, these strategies are also used to reach his own goals."

"ABSTRAKProblem aborsi, pada saat ini, tidak sebatas menyentuh ranah medis, melainkan telah masuk ke dalam ranah Negara. Hal ini terlihat pada terbentuknya hukum aborsi yang diterapkan oleh berbagai Negara di dunia. Dalam hukum aborsi, dapat dilihat adanya syarat-syarat tertentu yang mesti dipatuhi oleh pihak terkait untuk dapat melakukan aborsi atau tidak. Dengan kata lain, kebebasan bertindak seseorang terhadap dirinya sendiri diberikan batasan oleh Negara. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengkritik pembentukan hukum aborsi yang dilakukan oleh Negara, melalui pengkajian tentang hilangnya kebebasan individu di dalam hukum aborsi, dengan menggunakan pemikiran John Stuart Mill tentang kebebasan individu.

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ABSTRACTAbortion, at this moment, not merely touch the medical sphere, but has entered into the realm of the State. This is seen in the formation of the abortion law applied by many countries in the world. In the abortion law, there are certain conditions that must be adhered to by the related parties to be able to have an abortion or not. In other words, freedom of action of a person against himself given restrictions by the State. This thesis aims to criticize the establishment of legal abortions performed by the State, through the assessment of the loss of individual liberty in the abortion law, using John Stuart Mill?s idea of individual liberty."

"Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk nrengetahui bagaimana para pelaku culture jamming Dewan Kesepian Jakarta memandang meme sebagai bentuk pembelajaran kritis publik. Meme yang diteliti maknanya ialah meme yang bertemakan politik. Penelitian berusaha meneliti pandangan para pelaku culture jamming Dewan Kesepian Jakarta dengan metode wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian mengemukakan bahwa Dewan Kesepian Jakarta melakukan culture jamming karena dipengaruhi oleh pendidikan dan pengalamannya. Meme yang dibagikan oleh Dewan Kesepian Jakarta merupakan ubahan dari produk budaya sebelumnya. Tindakan culture jamming yang dilakukan oleh Dewan Kesepian Jakarta hanya berupaya untuk mengkritik kebijakan aktor politik formal dan Pemerintah. Para pelaku culture jamming mempercayai bahwa meme dapat menjadi pembelajaran kritis publik meski masih berada dalam ranah dunia maya.

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This stucly is a qualitative research that aims to determine how culture jamming actors of Dewan Kesepian Jakarta looheci meme as a form of critical public pedagogy. Memes studied its meaning are political themed memes. The study sought to assess the viewes of the of culture jamming actors at Dewan Kesepian Jakarta with in-depth interviews. The results of the study suggested that Dewan Kesepian Jakarta did culfure jamming as it is infiltrenced by education and experience. Meme shared by Dewan Kesepian Jakarta is a major change from previous cultural products. Culture jamming actions undertaken Dewan Kesepian Jakarta only seeks to criticize the policies of the formal political actors and the Governrnent. Culture jamming acttit s believe that menles can be a critical learning public although still in the realm of cyberspace."