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"Identitas sepenuhnya merupakan suatu konstruksi sosial budaya. Tidak ada identitas yang dapat mengada di luar representasi atau akulturasi budaya. Identitas seseorang atau sekelompok kemudian menjadi rentan terhadap setiap perubahan yang terjadi disekitarnya."

"Does the Black Middle Class Exist And Are We Members makes two contributions into the research of the black middle class. First, it explores how Black South Africans conceptualize middle classness. Second, it demonstrates how this conceptualization informs researchers' social identity within the Black middle class."

"Tulisan ini mengkaji dan menjawab tentang peran etnik Tionghoa Indonesia dalam kegiatan politik nasional. Dari sejarah yang ada terlihat peran etnis Tionghoa cukup menonjol pada masa kolonialisme, pra kemerdekaan, pada masa orde lama dan reformasi. Peran politik etnis Tionghoa melemah pada masa Orde Baru, dan mulai meningkat lagi pada masa Reformasi. Salah satu aktor yang menonjol adalah Basuki Tjahaja Purnama atau Ahok. Permasalahan yang ada apakah etnik Tionghoa dalam pemilihan langsung dapatkah menjadi pemimpin nasional seperti misalnya Gubernur atau Presiden? Ahok menjadi Gubernur DKI Jakarta hanyalah karena mengganti Joko Widodo karena dia terpilih menjadi Presiden. Studi ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif Deskriptif dengan pendekatan Studi Kasus. Salah satu metode yang digunakan adalah Wawancara mendalam dengan informan yang sesuai konteks. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan bahwa etnis Tionghoa telah berperan dalam perpolitikan nasional Indonesia dan setelah mengalami kemunduran pada era Orde Baru, kini berkembang lagi pada era Reformasi. Namun studi ini memperlihatkan bahwa Politik Identitas pada 2016 mengancam stabilitas keamanan dan ketahanan nasional serta berdampak pada kepemimpinan Ahok. Terbukti pada Pilgub DKI Jakarta tahun 2017 Ahok tidak terpilih lagi. Penelitian ini juga menjelaskan strategi Ahok dalam meredam konflik agar tidak meluasnya politik identitas yaitu strategi coping adaptif dengan memenuhi tuntutan pendemo untuk mengadili Ahok tujuannya tentu Ahok ingin menjaga stabilitas keamanan serta ketahanan nasional dan terciptanya ketahanan sosial budaya.

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This paper examines and answers the role of Indonesian Chinese ethnicity in national political activities. From the existing history, it can be seen that the role of ethnic Chinese was quite prominent during colonialism, pre-independence, during the old order and reformation. The political role of ethnic Chinese weakened during the New Order era, and began to increase again during the Reformation period. One of the prominent actors is Basuki Tjahaja Purnama or Ahok. The problem that exists is whether ethnic Chinese in direct elections can become national leaders such as governors or presidents? Ahok became Governor of DKI Jakarta only because he replaced Joko Widodo when he was elected President. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method with a case study approach. One of the methods used is in-depth interviews with context-appropriate informants. The results of the study explain that ethnic Chinese have played a role in Indonesian national politics and after experiencing setbacks in the New Order era, are now developing again in the Reformation era. However, this study shows that Identity Politics in 2016 threatened national security and security stability and had an impact on Ahok's leadership. It was proven that in the 2017 DKI Jakarta gubernatorial election, Ahok was not re-elected. This study also explains Ahok's strategy in reducing conflict so that identity politics does not spread, namely an adaptive coping strategy by meeting the demands of the demonstrators to try Ahok. Of course, Ahok wants to maintain security stability and national resilience and create socio-cultural resilience."

"ABSTRAKThis paper reviews the making of singapore's ethnic conflicts during the 1950s and 1960s, the rise of opposition forces during 1980s, the theory asserting that the group representation constituency has helped the minority groups enter the parliament, and contemporary ethnic concerns in 2017 presidential election. the authors argue that singapore's ceaseless memory of conflicting ethnic relations is the product of political management. the singapore government therefore creates an electoral system that ensures minority representations in politics, but is in fact favorable to the ruling party and its political elites from the majority group. as a result, the ruling party consolidates its power by strengthening negative stereotypes of the minority, and continues to reproduces ethnic disharmony"