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"The Arctic, the Antarctic, and the Hindu Kush-Himalayas form a trio of terrains sometimes called “the three poles”. Mainly composed of rock, snow, and ice, these precious regions, which are home to many unique species such as the polar bear, the emperor penguin, and the snow leopard, contain the primary water resource of this planet and directly shape our climate. This book presents a first-ever global assessment and progressive review of the three poles and demonstrates the urgent need for their protection. Sins of the past have irrevocably harmed and threatened many of the unique qualities of these regions, and the future looks bleak with the global population forecast to reach 9 billion by 2060, and with climate change on the rise. Presented here is a wide-reaching and coherent overview of the three poles’ biodiversity, habitats, and ongoing destruction. Failed protection and social targets set by the United Nations and other bodies are exposed while economic growth, unconstrained or inappropriate development, and urban sprawl are promoted unabated. Polar regions play a major role in the global agenda as they are rich in oil and other resources, marking them for contamination, overfishing, and further degradation. Tourism in the Antarctic has benefited from enlightened self-regulation, but there are signs that this is changing, too. The chapters of this book are written by experts in their fields, and their evidence leaves no doubt that we already live beyond our carrying capacity on a finite but decaying space. A global protection role model and several outlook scenarios are proposed to help set in motion polar protection priorities that are actually valid. Humanity has demonstrated through international treaties such as the Antarctic Treaty and the Madrid Protocol that we can put the interests of the planet as a whole first. This must become the norm, not the exception."

"This study reports a novel strategy for minimizing torque ripple in a radial flux inset permanent magnet (RFIPM) generator by using a geometric modification of the magnet poles. We simulate the design of three different types of edge-rounded magnet (ERM) poles using finite element method magnetics (FEMM) software for a 16 poles and 24 slots RFIPM generator. We found that the edge-rounding of magnet poles significantly lowered the torque ripple of the generator with a reduction of about 74% (torque ripple of 7.76%). In addition, the modified RFIPM generator exhibited enhanced flux density uniformity in the air-gap of the generator (up to ~ 48.8%), leading to a smoother line of flux density."

"Malaria masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di berbagai negara termasuk Indonesia. Angka kesakitan malaria di Indonesia sejak empat tahun terakhir menunjukkan peningkatan. Sampai saat ini penyakit malaria masih merupakan penyakit endemis di Propinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Kasus malaria dari tahun ke tahun belum menunjukkan adanya penurunan. Kecamatan Kulawi merupakan salah satu daerah endemis malaria di Kabupaten Donggala.Berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk menanggulangi malaria antara lain dengan pemberantasan vektor. Pada saat ini telah dikembangkan penggunaan kelambu poles insektisida sebagai suatu Cara dalam penanggulangan vektor malaria, selain berperan sebagai sawar, kelambu poles sekaligus dapat membunuh atau menghalau nyamuk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara penggunaan kelambu poles dengan kejadian malaria di Kecamatan Kulawi Kabupaten Donggala Tahun 2001.Rancangan penelitian adalah kasus kontrol berpadanan. Kasus adalah pengunjung puskesrnas dan talon kontrol yang positif malaria berdasarkan pemeriksaan laboratorium Puskesmas. Sedangkan kontrol adalah tetangga kasus yang berobat Ice puskesmas antara Milan 3uli sampai dengan September 2001 dan negatif malaria berdasarkan pemeriksaan laboratorium. Jumlah kasus dan kontrol masing-masing sebanyak 120 responden (perbandingan 1:1).Variabel yang diteliti adalah penggunaan kelambu poles, umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, pekerjaan, pengetahuan, sikap, kebiasaan di luar rumah pada malam hari, penggunnaan anti nyamuk, rumah terlindung Ban nyamuk, konstruksi rumah, tempat perindukan, adanya ternak dan bekerja di hutan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penggunaan kelambu poles mempunyai hubungan yang be ma na dengan kejadian malaria. Responden yang selanna tidur tidak menggunakan kelambu mempunyai risiko terkena malaria 2,91 kali dibandingkan dengan yang selama tidur menggunakan kelambu (p = 0,000, 95% Cl : 1,664;5,136). Sedangkan faktor lain yang berhubungan dengan kejadian malaria adalah kebiasaan di luar rumah pada malam hari dan rumah terlindung dari nyamuk. Faktor yang mernpengaruhi hubungan antara penggunaan kelambu dengan kejadian malaria adalah rumah terlindung dari nyamuk dan kebiasaan di luar rumah pada malam hari.Dari hasil penelitian ini dsarankan 1) Meningkatkan penggunaan kelambu poles di daerah endemis yang sulit terjangkau oleh program penyemprotan rumah dan meningkatkan keteraturan pemakaian kelambu poles selama tidur untuk mencegah kontak antara penduduk dengan nyamuk malaria 2) Mengurangi kebiasaan masyarakat berada di luar rumah pada malam hari atau menggunakan penutup tubuh (baju lengan panjang, celana panjang atau sarung) untuk mencegah terjadinya kontak dengan nyamuk 3) Meningkatkan penggunaan kawat kasa baik pada ventilasi maupun jendela rumah dan membiasakan menutup rumah waktu sore hari.

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The Association between the Use of Impregnated Bed Nets and Incidence, in Sub-District of Kulawi, Regency of DonggalaMalaria is still an important public health problem in various countries, including Indonesia. Malaria incidence in Indonesia has been increasing since last four years. Up to now, to disease has become endemic in the province of Central Sulawesi Year-by-year, the malaria cases have not decrease yet The sub-district {kecamatan) Kulawi is part of endemic areas in the regency of (kabupaten) Donggala.

Various efforts had been done to control the disease including vector control. A bed nets impregnated with insecticide has currently been developed as means to control the vector. In addition to barrier, this impregnated net might function as killer or remover of mosquito. The aim of this matched case-control study was to know association between the use of impregnated bed-nets and malaria incidence in sub-district Kulawi, regency of Donggala, in year 2001.

A case was defined as a person visiting a community health center (Puskesmas) and positively diagnosed as a malaria patient through Puskesmas laboratory examination. A control was a neighbor of the case who also visited Puskesmas (between July and September 2001) and did not have malaria. The number of cases as well as control was 120 (ratio cases to control 1:1)

Independent variables investigated were use of impregnated bed-nets, ages, gender, education, occupation, knowledge, attitude, the habit of staying outside at night, the use anti mosquito substance, having a protected house (from mosquito), house construction, breeding places, cattle grazing, and working in the forest. Our study result showed that the use of impregnated bed-nets was significantly associated with the incidence of malaria.

Respondents sleeping without the impregnated bed nets were 2,91 times more likely to develop malaria, as compared to tole sleeping with the nets (p x,000, 95% CI : 1,66-5,14). Other factors statistically associated with malaria incidence were the habits oh staying outside at night and having a protected house from mosquito. These two factors confounded the association beetwen the use of the nets and malaria incidence.

Based on our findings, we firstly recomanded to increase the use impregnated bed-nets in endemic areas uncovered by fogging program and improve the regularity of using nets. Secondly, it is suggested to minimize the habit of being outside at night or to use covering clothes (to avoid being bitten by mosquito). Finally, it is recommended to use a wire net for windows ang air ventilation, and to close the doors and windows at night."

"Studi desain Optimasi Ketebalan Yoke dan Jarak Antar Kutub Magnet Permanen Pada Rotor Aksial ini, menitikberatkan analisis optimasi pada ketebalan yoke dan jarak antar magnet permanen sebagai parameter desain rotor. Analisis desain dilakukan pada simulasi berbantuan perangkat lunak FEMM 4.2. (gratis). Desain rotor yang disimulasikan adalah rotor model cakram dengan kutub permanen berbentuk lingkaran. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa titik optimum adalah pada ketebalan yoke 1.5mm dan jarak antar magnet 1mm, dimana kerapatan fluks magnet yang dihasilkan sebesar 0.5407 T dan rugi inti sebesar 749.582378 watt.

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This Disc Type Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Syncrhonous Generator Design Study, focused on optimazation analysis of yoke?s thickness and distance between permanent magnet as rotor design parameter. Analisys of design by simulation based on FEMM 4.2 Software (freeware). Rotor design that simulated is disc type rotor with circle permanent magnet.

The result of simulation show that optimum point is on yoke's thickness 1.5mm and distance between permanent magnet 1mm, where flux density is 0.5405 T and core loss is 749.582378 watt."

"Teknologi perancangan motor listrik brushless direct current telah berkembang pesat. Salah satu parameter yang banyak dikembangkan adalah desain pelilitan pada stator. Penelitian ini mencari desain pelilitan stator motor BLDC 3 fasa 12 slot 8 kutub yang menghasilkan performa terbaik pada motor. Rangkaian dari kumparan yang sefasa yang terdiri dari empat kumparan divariasikan menjadi empat kumparan seri, dua kumparan seri diparalel dengan dua lainnya, dan empat kumparan paralel. Penelitian dilakukan dengan melakukan simulasi motor dengan beban dan tanpa beban menggunakan finite element method. Nilai konstanta Ke, efisiensi, torsi, tegangan, dan rugi tembaga dari setiap model rangkaian dibandingkan untuk mengetahui desain lilitan yang memiliki performa terbaik. Hasil simulasi menunjukan model seri-paralel dengan 40 lilitan menghasilkan nilai torsi terbesar dengan besar arus dan advance angle yang sama dan nilai rugi tembaga paling rendah.

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The brushless direct current motor design technology thrives rapidly nowadays. One of its parameter is the stator winding design. This research investigates the stator winding design for 3 phase BLDC 12 slots 8 poles which provides the best motor performance. The circuit of the coils in a phase is varied with series, series-paralel, and paralel connection.

The investigation is done by committing motor no load and load simulations using finite element method calculation. Than the circuit model with the best motor performance is determinable by observing the value of back electromotive constant (Ke), efficiency, torque, voltage, and copper losses of every circuit model. The result shows that the series-paralel model generate higher torque with the same electric current."