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"Kajian ini bertujuan menjelaskan implikatur atau makna sosial apa saja yang tersirat ketika penutur asli bahasa Inggris-Amerika melakukan pergantian gaya bahasa secara metaforis dari tingkat yang lebih resmi ke tingkat yang kurang resmi, atau sebaliknya di dalam dialog-dialog mereka.Pendekatan yang dipakai adalah pendekatan gabungan antara teori pragmatik dan teori sosiolinguistik. Faktor-faktor kognitif di dalam diri penutur dan petutur yang dipengaruhi oleh konteks tuturan dan konteks sosial-budaya itulah yang di dalam kajian ini dipostulatkan memicu pergantian gaya bahasa metaforis, secara sadar atau tidak sadar oleh penutur. Pergantian gaya bahasa metaforis ini dihipotesiskan menyiratkan implikatur percakapan, yaitu makna sosial yang terungkap dari pengungkapan suatu tindak tutur dengan menggunakan gaya bahasa tertentu. Dasar kajian ini adalah tilikan bahwa, seperti yang dikemukakan oleh Saville-Troike (1982), yang mengacu kepada Blom dan Gumperz (1972), di dalam peristiwa tutur dapat terjadi alih kode metaforis, termasuk juga di dalamnya pergantian gaya bahasa metaforis. Di dalam kajian ini implikatur dikaji berdasarkan Teori Relevansi (Sperber dan Wilson 1995) dan Teori Komponen Tutur (liymes 1972). Adapun penentuan tingkat gaya bahasa dikaji berdasarkan Teori Klasifikasi Gaya Bahasa {loos 1962).Data (dalam bentuk dialog) diperoleh dari rekaman-rekaman audio-visual sejumlah wawancara dalam acara "Larry King Live" ("Acara Langsung Larry King") yang disiarkan oleh stasiun televisi CNN. Perhatian difokuskan kepada bagian-bagian yang mengandung pergantian gaya bahasa metaforis dan metode analisisnya pada dasarnya adalah heuristik. Yang dimaksud dengan alih kode metaforis dalam kajian ini adalah perubahan kode di dalam satu peristiwa tutur yang menambah makna tertentu kepada hubungan peran yang sedang diungkapkan (Saville-Troike 1982: 61--62).Temuan dari kajian ini adalah bahwa pergantian gaya bahasa metaforis menyiratkan makna sosial tambahan tertentu. Penginferensian implikatur di dalam ujaran yang mengandung pergantian gaya bahasa metaforis dapat dilakukan dengan penerapan Prinsip Relevansi dan Teori Komponen Tutur, sehingga makna komunikatif penutur yang sesungguhnya dapat dipahami oleh petutur.

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This paper is an attempt to explain the possible implicatures or social meanings implied when native speakers of American-English are performing metaphorical style-shifting from a relatively-more-formal style into a relatively-less formal style, or vice-versa in their dialogues.

The approach adopted in this study combined theories in Pragmatics and theories in Sosiolinguistics. This study postulated that cognitive factors inside speakers and hearers that are influenced by the speech context and the sociocultural context trigger metaphorical style shifting, consciously or unconsciously performed by speakers. This metaphorical style shifting was hypothesized to imply conversational implicature, i.e. social meanings which are implied from the expressing of a speech act by using a certain style. This study makes uses of the insight from Saville-Troike (1982), which refers to the insight from Blom dan Gumperz (1972), who posit that in a speech event metaphorical code-switching including metaphorical style-shifting can occur, in which also includes. In this paper implicatures were analyzed based on Relevance Theory (Sperber dan Wilson 1995) and Components of Speech Theory (Hymes 1972). Meanwhile, the classification of style levels was based on Classification of Styles Theory (loos 1962).

The corpus of data (in the form of dialogues) was extracted from the audio-visual recordings of a number of "Larry King Live" shows, which were broadcast by a television station, named CNN. The attention was focused on parts of dialogues containing metaphorical style shifting and the method of analysis essentially was heuristic. The term `code switching' in this paper refers to change in codes within a single speech event which adds meaning to the role relationships which are being expressed (Saville-Troike 1982: 61---62).

The finding is that metaphorical style shifting indeed implies certain added social meanings. Inferring an implicature in an utterance containing metaphorical style shifting can be performed by applying the Principles of Relevance and the Speech Components Theory, so that the real communicative meanings of speakers can be understood by their hearers."

"Age Factor in Learning Dutch: A Psycholinguistics Study About Children in Comparison with AdultsThis study is focused on age factor in learning Dutch by children age 9 - 14 years en adults age 18 - 21 years. The problems that are analyzed are not only those of learning Dutch as a foreign language (L2), but also psychological problems. For that reason the study of age factor in learning Dutch as L2 is related with a psychological study of children in comparison with adults. To analyze the learning of Dutch as a L2 by children and adults is used an experimental method of analysis: observation in artificial condition, in which the condition is created by the analyst. Thus, the experimental analysis is an analysis that is made by manipulation and control of the objects of the analysis. The subject of the analysis is determined by the use of Dutch grammatical rules as Verb Final en Inversie, because these are grammatical characteristics of the Dutch language that are not used in other foreign languages. The study find out that the adults have better results than the children on behalf of the way of learning the language, which method is used in learning L2, for example cognitive maturity and cognitive activity. Also adults are more aware in correcting mistakes in L2."

"thesis mengenai bahasa dan psiko analisa, sebuah kajian psikolinguistik"