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"So far, the trade and spice route historiography has focused on social, political, and economic aspects. This discussion is also fragmentarily or is part of another focus. No studies have discussed the relationship between local knowledge practices, spice routes, power networks, and Islamization. However, the spice trade and Islamization are two intersecting events important for their connection with the local culture. This article assumes that there was a local knowledge used as a strategy by the Banten rulers as a response to trade, Islamization, and power networks in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It finds that Sultan Maulana Yusuf’s policy, known as “gawe kuta baluwarti bata kalawan kawis”, was a local knowledge that continued to be used by Banten rulers throughout the sixteenth-seventeenth centuries. This local knowledge was transformed from its literal meaning of “building cities and fortresses from bricks and corals” into a metaphor representing development that considered the duality of Banten’s potential. This local knowledge became the foundation stone for the strategies of Banten’s rulers until Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa to respond the challenges posed by the trade, power network, and Islamization. This application of the local knowledge carried the Banten Sultanate to its peak of advancement during the reign of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (1651-1682). In his sponsorship of this local knowledge, the ruler of the Banten appears as a technocrat, trader, scholar, leader, and ruler who paved the way for the expansion of the Banten Sultanate. This local knowledge was passed down from generation to generation and remains the local knowledge of the Banten people today. This study reconstructs the historiography of the existing spice route by according local knowledge (gawe kuta baluwarti bata kalawan kawis), the leading role in shaping the expansion of the Banten Sultanate in the century of the spice trade and the extension of the spice route."

"ABSTRAKDisertasi ini menguraikan tentang terjadinya perebutan kekuasaan di Kesultanan Palembang. Dalam perebutan kekuasaan tersebut melibatkan dua saudara kandung (Sultan Badaruddin II dan Sultan Najamuddin II), juga melibatkan dua negara asing yaitu Inggris dan Belanda. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Narativisme untuk menjelaskan terjadinya konflik (internal dan eksternal) di Kesultanan tersebut. Kajian ini menemukan bahwa kehadiran Inggris pada April 1812 di Kesultanan Palembang, memunculkan permusuhan antara dua orang kakak beradik tersebut, sehingga Palembang jatuh ke tangan Inggris. Sejak itu permusuhan dua bersaudara terus berlangsung sampai keduanya wafat. Sesuai isi Traktat London (1814), dinyatakan Inggris harus keluar dari Palembang, sehingga Palembang kembali berada di bawah pengaruh pemerintah kolonial Belanda. Kehadiran Belanda di Kesultanan Palembang, menyebabkan Belanda membagi tiga kekuasaan yairu Belanda, Sultan Badaruddin II, dan adiknya Sultan Najamuddin II. Kembalinya pasukan Inggris dari Bengkulu, menyebabkan konflik di Palembang menjadi semakin rumit. Konflik yang terjadi tidak saja antara dua saudara kandung, tetapi juga antara Sultan Najamuddin II dan Belanda, serta Belanda dan Inggris. Perang, merupakan alternatif penting yang terjadi di Kesultanan Palembang. Dua kali peperangan (1819) dimenangkan oleh Palembang, namun pada peperangan ketiga (1821), Palembang harus mengakui keunggulan kekuatan militer Belanda. Sejak itu Kesultanan Palembang berada di bawah kendali pemerintah kolonial Belanda. Usaha Sultan Najamuddin III untuk melakukan perlawanan mengalami kegagalan, sehingga kesultanan itu dihapuskan (1825).

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ABSTRACTThis dissertation describes about the occurrence of. The seizure involved two brothers (Sultan Badaruddin II dan Sultan Najamuddin II) and two foreign countries, those are England and Netherland. This research used Narrativism approach in order to explain the occurrence of conflict (external and internal) in that Sultanate. It was found that the attendance of British in April 1812 in Palembang Sultanate led to a hostility between the two brothers (Sultan Badaruddin II dan Sultan Najamuddin II). It made Palembang was under the power of British. The hostility between the two brothers continued until both of them passed away. Based on the London Treaty (1814), it was stated that British had to leave out Palembang so that Palembang was returned back to the power of Dutch colonial. The Dutch then divided Palembang Sultanate into three powers, the Dutch, Sultan Badaruddin II, and his brother Sultan Najamuddin II. However, the return of British from Bengkulu led to a more complicated conflict in Palembang. The conflict was not only between the two brothers, but also between Sultan Najamuddin II and the Dutch and between the Dutch and the British. Finally, the war was the only option for the conflict in Palembang Sultanate. The war happened three times, the first and second war (1819) were won by Palembang, however the Dutch military power conquered the power of Palembang Sultanate in the third war (1821). Since then, the Palembang Sultanate was under the control of the Dutch colonial government. It was Sultan Najamuddin III who continued fighting against the Dutch, however the struggle failed. Finally, Palembang Sultanate was completely removed (1825)."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas reformasi yang terjadi di Kesultanan Oman pada 2011. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian sejarah. Penelitian ini membahas latar belakang, kronologi dan dampak dari reformasi yang terjadi di Kesultanan Oman pada 2011. Fokus penelitian ini terdapat dalam bidang politik dan sosial ekonomi. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa aksi protes yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat Oman pada 2011 membawa arus reformasi dalam negara tersebut. Aksi protes oleh masyarakat terjadi sejak Januari hingga Mei 2011 di beberapa kota besar di Oman. Gelombang perubahan yang terjadi di Kesultanan Oman disebabkan oleh adanya ketidakpuasan serta keinginan masyarakat untuk mengubah keadaan dalam negeri. Tidak adanya tokoh pemimpin dalam gerakan masyarakat Oman menyebabkan gerakan kurang terkoordinasi dan dampaknya pemerintah berusaha meredakan amarah masyarakat dengan memenuhi tuntutan yang bersifat jangka pendek. Pemerintah juga melakukan pembenahan politik dan kondisi sosial ekonomi dengan melakukan reformasi di berbagai bidang. Perubahan yang timbul pasca gerakan perubahan tidak dapat terjadi dalam kurun waktu yang singkat dan harus terus diupayakan secara bertahap.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the reforms going on in the Sultanate of Oman in 2011. The method used in this research is the historical research method. This study discusses the background, chronology and impact of the reforms going on in the Sultanate of Oman 2011. The focus of this research laid in the political and socio-economic aspects. The study found that the Omanis protests in 2011 brought current reforms in the country. The protests occurred from January to May 2011 in several major cities in Oman. A wave of changes going on in the Sultanate of Oman due to people's discontent and their desire to change the situation in the country. The absence of a leading figure in Oman‟s social movement made it poorly coordinated and effected to the government‟s response. The government tried to defuse public anger by meeting their short-term demands in short order. The government reform the political and socio-economic conditions by applying changes in various fields. The transformation emerging after the movement of change can not happen in a short period of time and should continue to be pursued gradually."