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"Language is indissolubly linked with the members of the society in which it is spoken, and social factors are inevitably reflected in their speech. In this accessible introduction, Downes surveys the various ways that language can be studied as a social phenomenon. He discusses the known relationships between language variation and large-scale social factors, showing how the variation runs along ‘fault lines in social structure’, such as divisions between social classes, the sexes and different ethnic groups. Topics covered include domains of language use, language change, code-switching, speech as social action and the nature of meaning and understanding. This thoroughly revised edition includes an up-to-date analysis of language standardisation, language conflict and planning, and a critique of the pragmatic theory of communication. It explains and illustrates the notion of register, and examines the issues surrounding language ideology and power."

"This sociolinguistic study focuses on language attitudes among santries. This research aims to describe language attitudes among santries in Al-Ihsan Pondok Pesantren, Beji, Banyumas on the languages they are able to speak, such as: Indonesian, vernacular languages, Arabic language, and English.

There are three approaches used in this research: sociological approach, psychological approach, and anthropological approach, as ordinarily used in sociolinguistic researches. Data are collected through distributing questionnaires, matched-guise, interviews, and participatory observations. The main data obtained are respondents' self-report about their language attitudes. The data obtained through questionnaires and matched-guise are analyzed quantitatively using one-way analysis of variance (Anova) in order to get the santries' language attitudes based on social variables, such as: gender, age, education, and mother tongue. The data obtained through interviews and observations are analyzed qualitatively using categorical analysis.

This research finds out three basic attitudinal aspects of santries' language attitudes, those are: cognitive, affective, and conative. Santries language attitudes, in this case, are categorized into four groups: santries' language attitudes on Indonesian, santries' language attitudes on vernacular languages, santries' language attitudes on Arabic language, and santries' language attitudes on English. Beside those things, this research also finds out that language attitudes are related to social factors to analyze which cover gender, age, education, and mother tongue."