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"ABSTRACT

Writing the contemporary history of one's own country is hazardous in two respects, firstly, in the academic field there are still plenty of people who think that the events experienced by one's own generation do not properly belong to the realm of history. They cite the oft repeated dictum that historians should have sufficient distance from the occurrences they sought to describe and not infrequently accuse the contemporary historian of engaging himself in political pamphleteering or journalism rather than performing scholarly pursuits. Secondly, it is indeed, true that too many people who were involved in the events treated are still around, and it is unfortunately so that many of them would attack a piece of contemporary historical writing if they think that their role has been described less favorably or less expansively than they would have wished. Or again, they would criticize the historical treatise because personages, whom they like or adulate, are put in a less than bright spotlight. Or, because they are disappointed for the historian's failure to adhere to their point of view about various things, or because of what they perceive as the historian's scorn for their favorite cause.

Although aware of the difficulties involved in the writing of contemporary history of Indonesia, I do belief that the study and writing of contemporary history, including Indonesian contemporary history, is not only justified but also necessary. In Indonesia, as in most new nations, the story of the processes leading towards independence is foremost in the minds of those generations who have witnessed the transition from colonial domination towards national self-determination. In Indonesia, these are the periods covering the National A wakening it the period of the Nationalist Movement from 1908 (which was the year of the founding of the Budi Utomo as the first modern Indonesian association) down till the Japanese occupation of 1942-1945, as well as the period of the Revolution or War of Independence of 1945-1949.

For the latest generations, even the periods following the end of the War of Independence are important to satisfy their thirst for an answer on the why of the present situation. To present-day Indonesians the questions asked about the latest periods in their nation's history are looming very large indeed, larger than the questions asked about long bygone periods like that of the 18 or 19 centuries and further back. Social change during those mere decades has been both sweeping and swift leaving in its wake bewilderment and confusion. The urge towards achieving understanding about the happenings speeding past is not generated solely by curiosity but also by the necessity of charting a course in the turbulent waters of the ocean of the future.

Under these circumstances the study of history has a strongly pragmatic character. There is a powerful urge to conceive what I propose to call by lack of a better term, the "visionary" use of history. With this I wish to denote the quality to give its students the meaning of the series of events it presents, giving them a vision, or outlook, or point of view, about the process, starting somewhere in the past, extending through the present and on towards the future. Without this quality, in the context of a new nation like Indonesia, history would be, I think, "meaningless" with the connotation of being "useless".

History has also, what might be called, a "technical" use. It provides for the empirical data as the product of its research to be employed both in other branches of learning -- particularly the social sciences -- and in more practical endeavors such as the instruction in tactics or arms development at military institutions. And finally, history has an "inspirational" use, needed particularly in the socialization process of succeeding generations to provide them with an image of their society, which, after all, will be theirs to develop further. ;The Peta Army During The Japanese Occupation Of Indonesia."

"Jugun ianfu adalah istilah bagi perempuan yang dijadikan perempuan penghibur oleh tentara Jepang, lalu ditempatkan pada suatu rumah hiburan militer Jepang. Selama masa pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia, banyak diantara perempuan-perempuan ini yang merasakan ketidakadilan dari tentara Jepang. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini terfokus pada ketidakadilan gender yang dialami oleh jugun ianfu sebagai akibat dari konstruksi perempuan sebagai "other".Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan bentuk deskriptif yang bertujuan untuk menguraikan karakteristik atau sifat-sifat tentang suatu keadaan pada waktu tertentu yang meliputi pengumpulan informasi melalui berbagai dokumen dan sumber data yang lain. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi kepustakaan dan wawancara dengan sumber yang mengerti mengenai masalah jugun ianfu. Sedangkan analisis dilakukan dengan teori dari Simone de Beauvoir.Dari analisis berdasarkan teori Simone de Beauvoir, disimpulkan bahwa: 1) perempuan jugun ianfu mengalami ketidakadilan gender dari tentara Jepang; 2) ketidakadilan gender tersebut meliputi marginalisasi, subordinasi, stereotip, violence, dan doubleburden; 3) ketidakadilan gender yang dialami oleh perempuan jugun ianfumerupakan akibat dari konstruksi perempuan sebagai "other".

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Jugun ianfu is a term for woman who served to comfort the Japanese soldier in the Japanese military brothel houses. During the Japanese occupation in Indonesia, many women of jugun ianfu felt that they had been treated unfairly by the Japanese army. The focus of this study is the gender bias experienced by jugun ianfu resulting from a social construction that stated women as the "other".This study is a qualitative research using analytical descriptive method. The data were collected by literature study and interviews with people who are credible in jugun ianfu issue. The Analysis was made using the theory presented by Simone de Beauvoir.The conclusion of this study are: 1) jugun ianfu experienced gender bias fromJapanese army; 2) the gender bias comprises marginalization, subordination, stereotype, violence, and double burden; 3) the gender bias experienced by jugun ianfu was the result from the social construct that states women as the "other"."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai lagu yang dijadikan sebagai alat propaganda pada masa pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia 1942-1945. Di masa pendudukan, selain sebagai media hiburan, lagu dijadikan sebagai alat provokasi dan indoktrinasi guna menghimpun dukungan rakyat Indonesia untuk membantu Jepang melawan Sekutu dalam perang Asia Timur Raya. Tema-tema propaganda pada lagu dibuat dengan disesuaikan pada pergeseran-pergeseran kebijakan pemerintah selama pendudukan. Secara garis besar, lagu-lagu propaganda pada masa pendudukan diciptakan dengan menkankan tema-tema pada pengerahan semangat bekerja petani dan buruh, semangat pertempuran dan bela Negara, serta tema-tema lainya yang ditujukan untuk memobiliasasi rakyat dalam usahanya memenangkan pertempuran.

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This thesis explains about songs that used as a propaganda tool during Japanese occupation in Indonesia 1942-1945. During Japanese occupation, besides as an entertainment media, the songs were used as provocation and indoctrination in order to amass Indonesian support to help Japanese against the Allies in the Greater East Asia war. Propaganda themes on the songs were made to be appropriated with the shifts of government policy during the occupation. Broadly, the propaganda songs was created by emphasizing themes of conscription of farmers and laborers working spirit, battle spirit and state defend, and other themes which aimed to mobilize masses in effort to win the war."

"Keadaan masyarakat Indonesia yang mulai membenci Jepang dimanfaatkan oleh Belanda untuk menarik simpati dari masyarakat Indonesia. Belanda menggunakan propaganda-propaganda untuk mendapat dukungan dan bantuan dari masyarakat Indonesia. Salah satu media propaganda tersebut adalah melalui surat edaran yang disebarkan di beberapa daerah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini membahas teknik-teknik propaganda yang digunakan dalam surat edaran tersebut. Setelah dianalisis, ditemukan bahwa tidak semua teknik propaganda digunakan dalam surat edaran tersebut. Dari lima surat edaran yang dianalisis hanya terdapat empat teknik propaganda yang digunakan dari 13 teknik propaganda yang ada. Empat teknik propaganda tersebut adalah teknik propaganda wholesale condemnation, the use generalities applied to particulars, the doctoring of facts, dan a reputable mouthpiece.

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As Indonesian society had begun hating the Japanese, the Netherlands used it to attract the sympathy from Indonesian. The Dutch used propagandas to gain some support and assistance from Indonesian. One of the propaganda media is handbill/flier which was distributed in several regions in Indonesia. This research talks about propaganda techniques used in the flier. Based on the analysis result, it was found that not all the propaganda techniques are used in the flier. From five fliers that were analyzed there are only four propaganda techniques used out of 13 techniques exist. Those four techniques are wholesale condemnation, the use generalities applied to particulars, the doctoring of facts, and a reputable mouthpiece."

"Gisaeng adalah perempuan penghibur resmi acara kerajaan di Korea. Gisaeng sudah ada sejak masa Dinasti Goryeo 918-1392 hingga masa pendudukan Jepang 1910-1945 di Korea. Kekusaan Jepang di Korea berpengaruh pada perubahan penampilan luar dan sistem gisaeng sehingga memunculkan berbagai pandangan dari masyarakat Korea saat itu. Melalui penelitian ini, penulis menganalisis pengaruh pandangan negatif masyarakat Korea terhadap aktivitas sosial gisaeng pada masa pendudukan Jepang 1910-1945 di Korea. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif dapat dijelaskan bahwa bahwa gisaeng menanggapi positif semua pandangan masyarakat Korea dan menjadikan pandangan tersebut sebagai motivasi mereka untuk melakukan aktivitas sosial.

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Gisaeng is official female entertainer belongs to Korean government. Gisaeng had existed since Goryeo Dinasty 918 1392 until Japanese occupation in Korea 1910 1945 . The Japanese power during occupation made some differences over their performance and also the system. For that reason Korean society at that time viewed gisaeng variously. This study explores and describe the influence of negative view from Korean society to gisaeng rsquo s social activities during Japanese occupation in Korea. By using qualitative method and descriptive analysis, this study concludes that during Japanese occupation Korean gisaeng responded all Korean society rsquo s view positively and they took that views as motivation for them to do the social activities."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pengaruh kebijakan pemerintah Militer Jepang terhadap dinamika sosial, ekonomi, pemerintahan, pendidikan hingga militer di Kedu-Syuu. Sumber penelitian ini berupa arsip baik tekstual dan gambar, surat kabar sezaman, buku dan karya ilmiah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah dalam mencari data hingga penulisan, mulai dari heuristik, Kritik sumber, Interpretasi data, hingga penulisan sejarah atau historiografi. Karesidenan Kedu atau Kedu-Syuu menjadi bagian penting pada masa pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia. Kedu-Syuu terdiri dari Magelang, Kebumen, Temanggung, Purworejo, dan Wonosobo. Topografi Kedu-Syuu memiliki kekayaan alam dan sumber daya manusia, maka dari itu pada masa pendudukan Jepang, Kedu-Syuu merupakan salah satu pemasok bahan perang baik padi maupun tenaga kerja dan pasukan pemerintahan Militer Jepang. Masa pendudukan Jepang di Kedu-Syuu ditandai dengan Program Kinkyu Shokuryo Taisaku dan Fujinkai sehingga membawa dampak perubahan sosial. Melalui penelitian ini, dapat diketahui bahwa pada masa pendudukan Jepang tidak hanya meninggalkan dampak negatif saja, namun juga dampak positif, salah satunya dari sisi militer dan kehidupan sosial dalam bentuk peningkatan hasil panen padi. Tingkat kedisiplinan yang diterapkan oleh pemerintah Militer Jepang secara tidak langsung membentuk semangat nasionalisme yang tinggi. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari pembentukan pasukan Fujinkai di Kedu-Syuu.

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This research have a purpose to explain the effect of Japanese military government policies on social, economic, education and military in Kedu-Syuu. Sources of this research from historical archives such as textual and images, newspapers in the era of Japanese occupation in Indonesia, books and scientific journal. This study uses historical methods in searching for archieves to writing, starting from heuristics, source criticism, data interpretation, and writing history or historiography.  The residency of Kedu or Kedu-Syuu became an important part of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. Kedu-Syuu consists of Magelang, Kebumen, Temanggung, Purworejo, and Wonosobo. The topography of Kedu-Syuu had natural and human resources, therefore during the Japanese occupation, Kedu-Syuu was one of the suppliers of war, both rice and Japanese military troops. The period of Japanese occupation in Kedu-Syuu was marked by the Kinkyu Shokuryo Taisaku and Fujinkai programs that brought about social changes. Through this research, it can be seen that during the Japanese occupation not only left negative impacts, but also positive impacts, one of which was in terms of military and social life in the form of increasing rice. The level of discipline applied by the Japanese military government indirectly formed a high spirit of nationalism. This can be seen from the establishment of the Fujinkai in Kedu-Syuu."