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"he paper examined Southeast Asia as a whole and focused on similarities among countries composing what is now known as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). In order to determine these similarities, the analysis focused on the fact that during World War II the whole of Southeast Asia was occupied by one political power: Japan. The policies the Japanese implemented in the region were to a degree very similar in terms of pressures and tensions that occurred in the different countries. The paper argues that these pressures and the responses of the various peoples of Southeast Asia instilled a nucleus of common identity in Southeast Asia as a whole. Basically, the policies that the Japanese implemented all over Southeast Asia were the following: the setting up regional administrations; the extraction of resources and emphasis on local self-sufficiency; the implementation of cultural Japanization; and local indigenization policies. The Southeast Asian responses that crystalized this joint Southeast Asian identity may be described as: accommodating and resisting the Japanese; commemorating portraying; and collectively remembering the era. The process of action and reaction between Japan and Southeast Asia was formative of this joint Southeast Asian identity."

"Karya-karya drama pada masa pendudukan Jepang di Indonesia (1942?1945) pada umumnya sarat dengan propagandapemerintah militer Jepang yang berusaha mengajak masyarakat Indonesia untuk membantu peperangan melawanAmerika dan Inggris dalam Perang Dunia II. Karya sastra dijadikan alat propaganda yang tepat, terutama drama, karenamasyarakat dapat langsung menerima pesan-pesan dan mencontoh apa yang seharusnya dilakukan dalam masa perangitu. Para seniman kemudian dihimpun oleh Kantor Dinas Propaganda (Sendenbu) untuk bekerja dalam lapangan kesenian masing-masing untuk memberi semangat kepada rakyat Indonesia. Sejumlah penulis drama, antara lain seperti Usmar Ismail, El Hakim, Armijn Pane, Soetomo Djauhar Arifin, dan Merayu Sukma menyambut dengan semangat program pemerintah tersebut dengan menghasilkan karya-karya drama dan dimainkan oleh grup sandiwara yang jugabanyak bermunculan pada saat itu.

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AbstractMany plays in Japanese occupation period (1942?1945) were full of propaganda of Japanese Military Government thattried to influence Indonesian people to assist Japanese troops in fighting American army in World War II. Literaturewas used as a proper propaganda tool,especially plays, where people could get the message directly about what theyshould do in war situation. A lot of artists were gatheredby the Propaganda Service Office(Sendenbu) to work on theirfields of creativity (music, sculpture, literature, drama, painting) in order to encourage Indonesian people to participatein the war. Some playwrights such as Usmar Ismail, El Hakim. Armijn Pane, Soetomo Djauhar Arifin, and MerayuSukma enthusiastically welcomed the program. They wrote many plays that were played by various drama groups thatsprang up in that period."