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"This paper discusses the extent of eruption of Merapi volcano in 1994. It looks at the effects associated with the volcano as it erupted. The damages were inflicted on both the abiotic and biotic environments. The eruption occurred in the southern parts of the volcano. Because of the potential problems the volcano has, this has called for government involvement as an attempt to minimise the casualties. This has been done by intergovernmental cooperation for instance through the establishment of disaster prevention projects like Sobo Technical Centre, Merapi Volcano Project and the office purposely concerned with the investigation on the activities of Merapi. These projects cooperate to establish the hazard maps."

"Ketidakstabilan ekonomi terkadang menyebabkan perusahaan melakukan pemutusan hubungan kerja karena alasan efisiensi berdasarkan Pasal 164 ayat 3 Undang-undang No.13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan dalam rangka menyelamatkan perusahaan. Pemutusan hubungan kerja alasan efisiensi sebagaimana ketentuan Pasal 164 ayat 3 Undang-undang No.13 tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan telah diuji materi ke Mahkamah Konstitusi. Putusan MK No. 19/PUU-IX/2011 tanggal 20 Juni 2012 menyatakan bahwa pemutusan hubungan kerja alasan efisiensi dapat dilakukan apabila perusahaan tutup secara permanen. Sebaliknya, dalam beberapa putusan Mahkamah Agung serta praktek di beberapa perusahaan, pemutusan hubungan kerja alasan efisiensi dapat dilakukan tanpa harus menutup perusahaan secara permanen sepanjang pelaksanaannya tidak melanggar ketentuan perundang-undangan. Adanya dua putusan yang berbeda ini mengakibatkan timbulnya ketidakpastian hukum serta ketidakadilan baik dari sisi pengusaha maupun pekerja sehingga penulis bermaksud untuk meneliti lebih dalam terkait penerapan pemutusan hubungan kerja alasan efisiensi pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi dan kaitannya dengan hak pengusaha dan pekerja. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan dalam tulisan ini adalah yuridis normatif berdasarkan bahan pustaka dan data sekunder. Hasil dari tulisan ini pada akhirnya memberikan kesimpulan bahwa efisiensi tanpa perusahaan tutup secara permanen dapat dilakukan dalam rangka menyelamatkan perusahaan, terlebih,efisiensi merupakan hak pengusaha dan pemutusan hubungan kerja dengan alasan efisiensi tidak dilarang oleh Undang-undang Ketenagakerjaan.

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Economic instability sometimes causes companies to terminate employment for reasons of efficiency based on Article 164 paragraph 3 of Law No.13 of 2003 concerning Manpower in order to save the company. Termination of employment reasons for efficiency as stipulated in Article 164 paragraph 3 of Law No.13 of 2003 concerning Manpower has been made Judicial Review to the Constitutional Court. The Court Decision No.19/PUU-IX/2011 dated June 20, 2012 states that the termination of employmen with efficiency reason can be done if the company is closed permanently.Conversely,in several Supreme Court decisions and practices in several companies,termination of employment with efficiency reasons can be done without having to close the company permanently as long as the implementation does not violate statutory provisions.The existence of these two different decisions resulted in the emergence of legal uncertainty and injustice both from the employers and workers side so that the author intends to examine more deeply about application of termination for efficiency reason post- Constitutional Court Decision and its relation to the rights of employers and workers. The research method carried out in this paper is normative juridical based on library materials and secondary data.The results of this paper finally conclude that the efficiency without the company permanently closes can be done in order to save the company,especially,efficiency is the right of employers and termination of employment with reasons for efficiency are not prohibited by the Manpower Law."