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"In the current study, two experiments are reported that investigated the effects of simple white noise and mixture of white noise and other sounds on perception of speech. In both experiments, university students were recruited to listen to short sentences under various sound masking conditions. Experiment 1, where standard sets of speakers were used for both speech and masking stimuli, has shown that, compared to baseline where there was no masking sound, the participants had significantly greater difficulties in understanding the sentences where the average level of understanding was 28% for the white noise condition and 20% for the mixed noise condition in which white noise was mixed with pink noise and sounds of running water. In Experiment 2, a test model of the specially designed sound masking speaker was used to present the masking noise. Further, sounds of tweeting birds and healing music were added to the mixed noise from Experiment 1 to create the three masking noise conditions. The average level of understanding for the mixed noise condition was 14%, while that for the bird and music conditions were 24% and 30% respectively. The higher understanding rates for the latter conditions were due to lower volume of the mixed white noise in order to keep the overall volume including the birds and music at 55dB. There were also significant effects of sentence type and reading voice gender, suggesting that auditory legibility does not solely depend on the speech-to-noise sound level ratio, but also on other variables, such as, predictability of the sentences, and clarity of the speech. Feedback at the end of the sessions revealed that the participants found mixed noise less irritating than pure white noise, and they preferred mixed noise with bird tweeting or music even better. Thus, it was concluded that mixed noise with occasional sounds of tweeting birds, was the most suitable masking sound for commercial use, being efficient and not unpleasant."

"Latar Belakang: Keterlambatan bicara adalah salah satu bentuk keterlambatan perkembangan pada anak. Untuk meminimalisir dampak negatif keterlambatan bicara, faktor risiko dibutuhkan untuk membantu mendiagnosis pasien, agar intervensi dini dapat dimulai.Tujuan: Identifikasi asosiasi antara jenis kelamin, usia kehamilan, berat lahir, lingkar kepala, penutupan anterior fontanel, perkembangan motorik kasar, periode ASI eksklusif, pengasuh sehari-hari, jumlah saudara kandung, paparan media, interaksi sosial dengan pasien, dan keterlambatan bicara pada anak usia 1 sampai 2 tahun.Metode: Penelitian kasus kontrol pada anak usia 1 sampai 2 tahun di Rumah Sakit Pusat Nasional (RSUPN) Cipto Mangunkusumo dan Klinik Anakku, Pondok Pinang di Jakarta, Indonesia, dari Januari 2018 sampai Maret 2018. Data dikumpulkan dari wawancara orang tua. Data yang diperoleh diolah dengan SPSS Statistics for Mac, dengan uji Chi-Square dan metode logistic regression. Hasil: Jumlah subjek pada studi ini adalah 126 anak, dengan 63 anak dengan keterlambatan bicara, dan 63 anak lainnya dengan perkembangan bicara yang normal. Pada uji multivariat, variabel yang signifikan adalah keterlambatan perkembangan motorik kasar (p < 0.001; OR = 9.607; 95% CI = 3.403-27.122), periode ASI eksklusif kurang dari 6 bulan (p = 0.016; OR = 3.278; 95% CI = 1.244-8.637), dan paparan gadget dan televisi selama lebih dari 2 jam sehari (p < 0.001; OR = 8.286; 95% CI = 2.555-26.871). Kontak sosial yang buruk (p = 0.998) adalah confounding factor pada studi ini.Kesimpulan: Keterlambatan perkembangan motorik kasar, periode ASI eksklusif kurang dari 6 bulan, paparan media selama lebih dari 2 jam, dan kontak yang buruk adalah faktor risiko keterlambatan bicara pada anak.

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Background: Speech delay is one of the most common developmental delay in children. To minimize the negative outcomes of speech delay, risk factors should be explored to help in patient diagnosis, so an early intervention can be initiated. Aim: Identify the association between gender, age, birth weight, asphyxia during birth, head circumference, closure of anterior fontanel, gross motor development, period of

breastfeeding, caregiver, number of siblings, media exposure, social interaction with subject and delayed speech in children between 1 to 2 years old. Method: A case-control study for children between 1 to 2 years old in Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional (RSUPN) Cipto Mangunkusumo and Klinik Anakku, Pondok Pinang in Jakarta, Indonesia, from January 2018 to March 2018. Data was collected from parent interviews. The data obtained was processed with SPSS Statistics for Mac, with Chi-Square test and logistic regression method.

Result: The total number of subjects in this study was 126, with 63 children with speech delay and 63 children with normal speech development. In the multivariate analysis, the significant risk factors were delayed gross motor development (p < 0.001; OR = 9.607; 95% CI = 3.403-27.122), period of exclusive breastfeeding of less than 6 months (p = 0.016; OR = 3.278; 95% CI = 1.244-8.637), and exposure to gadgets and television for more than 2 hours (p < 0.001; OR = 8.286; 95% CI = 2.555-26.871). Poor social interaction (p = 0.998) was found to be the confounding factor. Conclusion: Delayed gross motor development, period of exclusive breastfeeding of less than 6 months, media exposure for more than 2 hours, and poor are risk factors of

delayed speech development in children."

"This is a clear, comprehensive introduction to communication sciences and disorders, with an evidence-based, lifespan perspective. This edition continues the evidence-based, lifespan perspective. It reviews and explains the most recent research evidence pertaining to the assessment and treatment of communication disorders from birth through the end of life in a clear, comprehensible fashion. Each chapter is concise, yet provides comprehensive information appropriate for an introductory-level text. Students gain a basic foundation in the areas of anatomy and physiology of the speech and hearing mechanisms, and an overview of the various disorders that affect voice, fluency, articulation, language, cognition, swallowing, and hearing, along with detailed descriptions of the varying etiologies that cause these impairments"

"Latar Belakang: Angka prevalensi GSA semakin meningkat dan kekhawatiran orang tua tentang kondisi anaknya, mendorong dilakukannya skrining deteksi dini GSA. Beberapa tanda untuk deteksi dini GSA yaitu 1) respon terhadap godaan, 2) respon ketika dipanggil dan 3) respon terhadap penghambatan. Terdapat tanda lain yang dapat digunakan sebagai deteksi dini GSA, yaitu respon colek. Tujuan: Mengetahui seberapa besar nilai diagnostik respon colek dalam mendeteksi GSA pada anak usia 18 bulan - 4 tahun dengan keterlambatan bicara. Metode:Studi potong lintang dilakukan terhadap subyek berusia 18 bulan - 4 tahun dengan keterlambatan bicara. Pada subyek diberikan rangsangan colek, godaan saat bermain, dipanggil namanya saat bermain dan penghambatan saat bermain (dengan tangan) kemudian dinilai respon subyek terhadap pemberi respon. Subyek kemudian dikelompokkan menjadi 2 kelompok, GSA dan bukan GSA berdasarkan kriteria DSM-5. Hasil:Dibandingkan ketiga respon lain, respon colek memiliki spesifitas paling tinggi (93%) dengan sensitivitas 75% dalam mendeteksi GSA. Bila ke 4 pemeriksaan uji diagnostik digabungkan, dengan hasil tes negatif menandakan tidak adanya respon terhadap pemeriksaan, maka akan didapatkan nilai spesifisitas sangat tinggi (100%) dengan sensitivitas 42%. Simpulan: Dibandingkan ketiga pemeriksaan yang sudah ada, respon colek memiliki spesifisitas paling tinggi dalam menyingkirkan GSA pada anak dengan keterlambatan bicara.Background: ASD prevalence are increasing and parents' concerns about their child's condition, encourage early detection by screening of ASD. Several signs for early detection of ASD: 1) teasing response, 2) calling response, 3) blocking response. There are other signs can be used as early detection of ASD, which is a poke response. Objective:To know the diagnostic value of poke response in detecting ASD in children aged 18 months - 4 years with speech delay. Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted on subjects aged 18 months - 4 years with speech delay. The subjects given poke stimulation, teasing when playing, called by name and inhibition when playing then assessed the subject's responses. The subjects were grouped into 2 groups, ASD and not ASD based on DSM-5. Results:Compared to the other 3 responses, poke response had the highest specificity (93%) with 75% sensitivity in detecting ASD. If all 4 diagnostic test examinations are combined, with a negative test result indicating no response to the examination, a very high specificity (100%) with a sensitivity of 42% will be obtained. Conclusion:Compared the others, the poke response has the highest specificity to rule out ASD in children with speech delay."

"Agregat batita bayi tiga tahun di perkotaan berisiko mengalam risiko keterlambatan perkembangan bicara dan bahasa. Faktor penyebabnya yaitu kurangnya pengetahuan orang tua dalam stimulasi bicara dan bahasa serta faktor kesibukan dari orang tua. Tujuan dari karya ilmiah ini untuk mengetahui ke efektifan intervensi stimulasi bicara dan bahasa pada tiga keluarga binaan di RW 2, Kelurahan Curug. Desain dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kasus dengan 3 keluarga binaan. Hasil dari intervensi yang telah diberikan sebanyak tujuh kali kunjungan keluarga dengan stimulasi bicara dan bahasa menunjukan adanya peningkatan bicara dan bahasa pada keluarga binaan. Stimulasi bicara dan bahasa yang efektif adalah stimulasi menggunakan gambar dan kegiatan sehari-hari yang ada di lingkungan anak dan dapat di observasi secara langsung. Saran dari studi kasus ini adalah diharapkan keluarga berperan aktif untuk stimulasi bicara dan bahsa serta mempertahankan komunikasi yang intensif pada anak.

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Toddler aggregate in urban area susceptible to have risk of delay in speech and language development. Main factors that caused the problem are parent rsquo;s deficiency of knowledge in the stimulation of speech and language and also parent rsquo;s busy activities. The purpose of this paper is to know the effectiveness of speech and language stimulation intervention to three assited families in RW 2, Kelurahan Curug. The design of this research is case study with 3 assisted families. The results of interventions that have been given for seven family visits with speech and language stimulation indicate an increase in speech and language in the built family. Effective speech and language stimulation is the stimulation of images and daily activities that exist in the child 39;s environment and can be observed directly. The recommendations from this case study are to do an active role in the stimulation of speech and language for the family and also maintain intensive communication in children."